特征性的临床表现和皮肤病理活检足以诊断。
病史
Stevens-Johnson综合征(SJS)可能是一种疾病过程或用于治疗这种疾病的抗生素或其他药物的结果。[33]Mockenhaupt M, Viboud C, Dunant A, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroScar-Study. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:35-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805350?tool=bestpractice.com 详细的病史必不可少,尤其是近期用药,近期细菌或病毒感染和疫苗接种情况。 与 SJS 和中毒性表皮松解症 (TEN) 相关的常见病史因素包括一些共病,如癫痫、SLE、[44]Ziemer M, Kardaun SH, Liss Y, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients with lupus erythematosus: a descriptive study of 17 cases from a national registry and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:575-600.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014091?tool=bestpractice.com 艾滋病、胶原血管病和癌症,特定治疗包括放射疗法[45]Vern-Gross TZ, Kowal-Vern A. Erythema multiforme, Stevens Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome in patients undergoing radiation therapy: a literature review. Am J Clin Oncol. 2014;37:506-513.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22892429?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Demiral AN, Yerebakan O, Simsir V, et al. Amifostine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis during radiotherapy: a case report. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2002;32:477-479.http://jjco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/32/11/477http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12499421?tool=bestpractice.com 和骨髓移植。
诱发SJS和TEN最常见的药物有:[3]Mockenhaupt M. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical patterns, diagnostic considerations, etiology, and therapeutic management. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33:10-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037254?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Roujeau JC, Stern RS. Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 10;331(19):1272-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794310?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L, et al. Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1600-1608.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199512143332404#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477195?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Mittmann N, Knowles SR, Koo M, et al. Incidence of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in an HIV cohort: an observational, retrospective case series study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012;13:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145749?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Calabrese JR, Sullivan JR, Bowden CL, et al. Rash in multicenter trials of lamotrigine in mood disorders: clinical relevance and management. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;63(11):1012-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12444815?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Ueta M, Sawai H, Sotozono C, et al. IKZF1, a new susceptibility gene for cold medicine-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis with severe mucosal involvement. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1538-1545.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25672763?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Levi N, Bastuji-Garin S, Mockenhaupt M, et al. Medications as risk factors of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children: a pooled analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e297-e304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19153164?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Rotunda A, Hirsch RJ, Scheinfeld N, et al. Severe cutaneous reactions associated with the use of human immunodeficiency virus medications. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12636014?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Borras-Blasco J, Navarro-Ruiz A, Borras C, et al. Adverse cutaneous reactions associated with the newest antiretroviral drugs in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:879-888.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/5/879.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653488?tool=bestpractice.com[29]La Grenade L, Lee L, Weaver J, et al. Comparison of reporting of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in association with selective COX-2 inhibitors. Drug Saf. 2005;28:917-924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16180941?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Layton D, Marshall V, Boshier A, et al. Serious skin reactions and selective COX-2 inhibitors: a case series from prescription-event monitoring in England. Drug Saf. 2006;29:687-696.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16872242?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Roujeau JC, Mockenhaupt M, Tahan SR, et al. Telaprevir-related dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:152-158.http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1392461http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23560295?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Mufaddel A, Osman OT, Almugaddam F. Adverse cutaneous effects of psychotropic medications. Exp Rev Dermatol. 2013;8:681-692.[33]Mockenhaupt M, Viboud C, Dunant A, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroScar-Study. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:35-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805350?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Irazabal MP, Martin LM, Gil LA, et al. Tranexamic acid-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23447480?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tremblay L, de Chambrun GP, De Vroey B, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome with sulfasalazine treatment: report of two cases. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5:457-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939920?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Rosen AC, Balagula Y, Raisch DW, et al. Life-threatening dermatologic adverse events in oncology. Anticancer Drugs. 2014;25:225-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890653/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108082?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Mawson AR, Eriator I, Karre S. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN): could retinoids play a causative role? Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:133-143.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301467/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579087?tool=bestpractice.com
抗惊厥药(如,卡马西平,苯巴比妥,苯妥英,丙戊酸,拉莫三嗪)
抗生素(如,磺胺,氨基青霉素类,喹诺酮类,头孢菌素类)
抗真菌药物
抗逆转录病毒药物(如奈韦拉平、阿巴卡韦)和抗病毒药物(如特拉匹韦、阿昔洛韦)
抗寄生虫药物
镇痛药(如,扑热息痛)
非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)和COX-2选择性抑制剂
抗疟药
硫唑嘌呤
柳氮磺吡啶
别嘌呤醇
氨甲环酸
皮质类固醇
精神药物
氯美扎酮
抗肿瘤药物(例如苯达莫司汀、白消安、苯丁酸氮芥)
维 A 酸类药物。
临床评估
在病程极早期,体征和症状可能相对较轻。但是,通常数天后疾病病情进展,因此,密切监测和定期重新评估必不可少。针对更严重的病例,应考虑转至烧伤病房。
病程晚期和合并更严重疾病的患者病情可能更加危重。在这些患者中,特别是,呼吸状态在入院时就应评估。SJS/TEN 的潜在并发症之一是上、下呼吸道黏膜受累,伴水疱、溃疡、最终黏膜脱落,可能导致喉喘鸣,同时可伴鼻咽挛缩和水肿。如果有呼吸窘迫或口咽组织水肿,可能需要插管以维持通气。[47]de Prost N, Mekontso-Dessap A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, et al. Acute respiratory failure in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical features and factors associated with mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:118-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989174?tool=bestpractice.com 动脉血气和氧饱和度有助于确定患者的临床呼吸状态。
更常见的情况是,症状包括突发皮疹或开始使用一种新药物后出现皮疹。可见水疱或斑疹和扁平的非典型靶病变、弥漫性红斑和尼氏征(向受累部位施压,表皮很容易剥脱)。[6]Auquier-Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Maldi L, et al. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1019-1024.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12164739?tool=bestpractice.com 黏膜受累表现为眼,唇,口腔,咽部,食道,消化道,肾脏,肝脏,肛门,生殖器部位或尿道的糜烂或溃疡。
其他表现包括发热,舌肿胀,腹泻,呕吐,排尿困难,淋巴结肿大,关节痛,关节炎,支气管炎,气促,气喘,低血压和脱水。
患者应按烧伤患者检查,主要是评估气道,呼吸及循环(ABCs)的状态。
评估受累体表面积的百分比对划分 SJS 或 TEN 非常重要,并且有多种方法。患者一只手(手掌和手指)的面积大约等于体表总面积 (total body surface area, TBSA) 的 1%,或者临床医师可以使用“九分法规则”Wallace rule of 9s 或 Lund-Browder 烧伤评估表[48]Lund CC, Browder NC. The estimation of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obst. 1944;79:352-358. 计算受累体表面积的百分比。一项比较这些估算方法可靠性的研究表明,九分法往往高估了烧伤的受累面积,更为变化不定,但在一定程度上比 Lund-Browder 方法更快。[49]Wachtel TL, Berry CC, Wachtel EE, et al. The inter-rater reliability of estimating the size of burns from various burn area chart drawings. Burns. 2000;26:156-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10716359?tool=bestpractice.com SCORTEN评分系统可准确预测TEN患者死亡的几率。[50]Cartotto R, Mayich M, Nickerson D, et al. SCORTEN accurately predicts mortality among toxic epidermal necrolysis patients treated in a burn center. J Burn Care Res. 2008;29:141-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18182912?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: Stevens-Johnson 综合征:靶形皮损和表皮剥脱来自Dr A. Kowal-Vern个人收集 [Citation ends].
SWallace九分法规则
可快速评估皮肤烧伤面积。[48]Lund CC, Browder NC. The estimation of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obst. 1944;79:352-358. 除了会阴之外,将身体任意划分为能被9整除的体表面积单位。 通常,在大多数烧伤科有体表面积的图表。Wallace rule of 9s
在成人,以下分别是总体表表面积的百分比(TBSA):
单侧上肢正面和背面总计:9%
胸部和腹部正面:18%
胸部和腹部背面:18%
会阴:1%
单侧下肢正面和背面总计:18%。
由于儿童身体与体表面积相对不成比例,九分法规则应用于成人较儿童更精确。
手掌
患者的手掌(包括手指)的表面面积约为总体表面积的0.8%。 掌面可用于估计相对较小的烧伤(<总体表面积的15%)或非常大的烧伤(>85%,掌面可计数未烧伤皮肤面积)。 对于中等规模的烧伤,这种方法是不准确的。[51]Hettiaratchy S, Papini R. Initial management of a major burn: II - assessment and resuscitation. BMJ. 2004 Jul 10;329(7457):101-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449823/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15242917?tool=bestpractice.com
Lund-Browder烧伤评估表
此图表可补偿体形与年龄的变异,因此可以准确评估儿童的烧伤面积。[48]Lund CC, Browder NC. The estimation of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obst. 1944;79:352-358.[49]Wachtel TL, Berry CC, Wachtel EE, et al. The inter-rater reliability of estimating the size of burns from various burn area chart drawings. Burns. 2000;26:156-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10716359?tool=bestpractice.com
SCORTEN
在住院治疗的5天内,应该预测疾病严重性的评分,SJS/TEN患者死亡的风险。 患者每满足以下一项加1分:[52]Sekula P, Liss Y, Davidovici B, et al. Evaluation of SCORTEN on a cohort of patients with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis included in the RegiSCAR Study. J Burn Care Res. 2011;32:237-245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228709?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Guegan S, Bastuji-Garin S, Poszepczynska-Guigne E, et al. Performance of the SCORTEN during the first five days of hospitalization to predict the prognosis of epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:272-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16374461?tool=bestpractice.com
>40岁 恶性肿瘤
恶性肿瘤
>120 bpm 心动过速
首日体表受累面积>10%TBSA
血清尿素氮>10mmol/L
血糖>14mmol/L
碳酸氢盐水平<20mmol/L。
虽然发起SCORTEN评分的小组以及其他学者已经发现评分系统是有用的,[54]George SM, Harrison DA, Welch CA, et al. Dermatological conditions in intensive care: a secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care. 2008;12(suppl 1):S1-S10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2607109/pdf/cc6141.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105799?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Cartotto R, Mayich M, Nickerson D, et al. SCORTEN accurately predicts mortality among toxic epidermal necrolysis patients treated in a burn center. J Burn Care Res. 2008;29:141-146.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18182912?tool=bestpractice.com 但也有人持不同意见。[55]Imahara SD, Holmes JH, Heimbach DM, et al. SCORTEN overestimates mortality in the setting of a standardized treatment protocol. J Burn Care Res. 2006;27:270-275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16679892?tool=bestpractice.com
比较有可能的是,在近期频繁使用静脉注射免疫球蛋白的患者很可能对TEN评分系统的有效性产生影响。
实验室评估
检测包括:
全血细胞计数 (FBC)
血培养:应用以排除感染 葡萄球菌 或 链球菌 引起的中毒性休克综合征或烫伤样皮肤综合征
肝功能检测:提示排除肝损伤
动脉血气和氧饱和度,用于评估呼吸系统损伤
受累体表面积是血行感染表现最好的评估指标[56]de Prost N, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Duong T, et al. Bacteremia in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictive value of skin cultures. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89:28-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075702?tool=bestpractice.com
血清电解质,尿素氮,用于评估血容量减少
肌酐水平:排除肾功能衰竭。
诊断SJS,SJS/TEN重叠和TEN确定性检查是皮肤活检(结合临床表现评估)。[4]Roujeau JC, Stern RS. Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 10;331(19):1272-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794310?tool=bestpractice.com 皮肤科医生应该在起疱的过渡期取活检,以评估表皮剥脱的程度。 分离发生在表皮-真皮乳头交界处,可见坏死细胞和淋巴细胞。 可对病灶周围活检组织实行直接免疫荧光检查,以排除自身免疫性水疱性疾病。[2]Dodiuk-Gad RP, Chung WH, Valeyrie-Allanore L, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: an update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16:475-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26481651?tool=bestpractice.com