Stevens-Johnson综合征(SJS)及中毒性表皮坏死松解症(TEN)在生理效应上类似于二度烧伤。 最佳的创面护理,营养,重症监护和疼痛管理应由烧伤科专家提供。
确切的治疗方案取决于皮肤受累面积,但相同的一般原则对 SJS 和 TEN 都适用。应当根据每个病例的情况、患者的个体临床表现展开治疗。[65]Zimmermann S, Sekula P, Venhoff M, et al. Systemic immunomodulating therapies for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153:514-522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28329382?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Schneider JA, Cohen PR. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a concise review with a comprehensive summary of therapeutic interventions emphasizing supportive measures. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1235-1244.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5487863/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28439852?tool=bestpractice.com
这两种情况都有数天内病情进展的倾向,所以应密切监测所有患者。 如果皮疹迅速扩散或患者病情加剧,若没有烧伤科,患者应转移到专业的烧伤中心护理。[67]Herndon DN, ed. Total burn care. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012.
即时护理
一旦确诊,致敏药物应立即停用。 诱发SJS和TEN最常见的药物有:[3]Mockenhaupt M. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical patterns, diagnostic considerations, etiology, and therapeutic management. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33:10-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037254?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Roujeau JC, Stern RS. Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 10;331(19):1272-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794310?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L, et al. Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1600-1608.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199512143332404#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477195?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Mittmann N, Knowles SR, Koo M, et al. Incidence of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in an HIV cohort: an observational, retrospective case series study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012;13:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145749?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Calabrese JR, Sullivan JR, Bowden CL, et al. Rash in multicenter trials of lamotrigine in mood disorders: clinical relevance and management. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;63(11):1012-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12444815?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Ueta M, Sawai H, Sotozono C, et al. IKZF1, a new susceptibility gene for cold medicine-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis with severe mucosal involvement. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1538-1545.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25672763?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Levi N, Bastuji-Garin S, Mockenhaupt M, et al. Medications as risk factors of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children: a pooled analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e297-e304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19153164?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Rotunda A, Hirsch RJ, Scheinfeld N, et al. Severe cutaneous reactions associated with the use of human immunodeficiency virus medications. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12636014?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Borras-Blasco J, Navarro-Ruiz A, Borras C, et al. Adverse cutaneous reactions associated with the newest antiretroviral drugs in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:879-888.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/5/879.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653488?tool=bestpractice.com[29]La Grenade L, Lee L, Weaver J, et al. Comparison of reporting of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in association with selective COX-2 inhibitors. Drug Saf. 2005;28:917-924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16180941?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Layton D, Marshall V, Boshier A, et al. Serious skin reactions and selective COX-2 inhibitors: a case series from prescription-event monitoring in England. Drug Saf. 2006;29:687-696.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16872242?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Roujeau JC, Mockenhaupt M, Tahan SR, et al. Telaprevir-related dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:152-158.http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1392461http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23560295?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Mufaddel A, Osman OT, Almugaddam F. Adverse cutaneous effects of psychotropic medications. Exp Rev Dermatol. 2013;8:681-692.[33]Mockenhaupt M, Viboud C, Dunant A, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroScar-Study. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:35-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805350?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Irazabal MP, Martin LM, Gil LA, et al. Tranexamic acid-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23447480?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tremblay L, de Chambrun GP, De Vroey B, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome with sulfasalazine treatment: report of two cases. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5:457-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939920?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Rosen AC, Balagula Y, Raisch DW, et al. Life-threatening dermatologic adverse events in oncology. Anticancer Drugs. 2014;25:225-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890653/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108082?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Mawson AR, Eriator I, Karre S. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN): could retinoids play a causative role? Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:133-143.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301467/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579087?tool=bestpractice.com
抗惊厥药(如,卡马西平,苯巴比妥,苯妥英,丙戊酸,拉莫三嗪)
抗生素(如,磺胺,氨基青霉素类,喹诺酮类,头孢菌素类)
抗真菌药物
抗逆转录病毒药物(如奈韦拉平、阿巴卡韦)和抗病毒药物(如特拉匹韦、阿昔洛韦)
抗寄生虫药物
镇痛药(如,扑热息痛)
非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)和COX-2选择性抑制剂
抗疟药
硫唑嘌呤
柳氮磺吡啶
别嘌呤醇
氨甲环酸
皮质类固醇
精神药物
氯美扎酮
抗肿瘤药物(例如苯达莫司汀、白消安、苯丁酸氮芥)
维 A 酸类药物。
患者入院后应做各项检查,以评估气道,呼吸及循环状态(ABCs)。 必须确定患者是否有呼吸窘迫。 动脉血气和氧饱和度将有助于确定患者的临床呼吸状态。 SJS/TEN的并发症之一是上、下呼吸道的黏膜受累,囊泡形成,溃疡,最终黏膜脱落,可导致喉喘鸣,以及可能出现的皱缩和鼻咽水肿。 如果有呼吸窘迫或咽组织水肿,应气道插管以维持呼吸。[47]de Prost N, Mekontso-Dessap A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, et al. Acute respiratory failure in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical features and factors associated with mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:118-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989174?tool=bestpractice.com
立即评估受累的体表面积(TBSA)是必要的。 患者的一只手(手掌和手指)大约相当于1%TBSA,或使用“九分法规则”。 受累的TBSA的百分比越大,液体需要越多。 应该以烧伤的标准来计算。Wallace rule of 9s[48]Lund CC, Browder NC. The estimation of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obst. 1944;79:352-358.[49]Wachtel TL, Berry CC, Wachtel EE, et al. The inter-rater reliability of estimating the size of burns from various burn area chart drawings. Burns. 2000;26:156-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10716359?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Hettiaratchy S, Papini R. Initial management of a major burn: II - assessment and resuscitation. BMJ. 2004 Jul 10;329(7457):101-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449823/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15242917?tool=bestpractice.com 应联系咨询专门从事这些患者重症监护的烧伤中心,或可将患者转移。[67]Herndon DN, ed. Total burn care. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012.
敷料
应用敷料和局部抗菌药物覆盖清洁后的创面,预防感染。 敷料的选择通常由医生的偏好以及敷料的可利用性决定。 根据敷料和创面情况更换,短时每日一到两次,长时每两至三天更换一次。[8]Schwartz RA, McDonough PH, Lee BW. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Part I: introduction, history, classification, clinical features, systemic manifestations, etiology, and immunopathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:173.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23866878?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Schwartz RA, McDonough PH, Lee BW. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Part II: prognosis, sequelae, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23866879?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Hettiaratchy S, Papini R. Initial management of a major burn: II - assessment and resuscitation. BMJ. 2004 Jul 10;329(7457):101-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449823/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15242917?tool=bestpractice.com
敷料包括异种移植物(猪皮)、同种异体移植物(尸体皮肤)和合成敷料。含杆菌肽软膏的纱布也可使用,并且霜剂(例如磺胺嘧啶银)可与敷料合用。含银的合成敷料可用于受累面积>30% 体表面积 (TBSA) 的患者。银离子有助于防止感染,作用可持续 3 至 4 天,不必频繁更换敷料。
一旦皮肤再生(治疗后约2~3周),便可以使用润肤剂,以保持皮肤柔软,防止干燥。
患者很少需要真正的皮肤移植。
输液治疗
如果患者频繁呕吐,可能会发生脱水。 此外,根据皮肤剥脱的程度,患者可能通过剥脱的皮肤表面丢失相当多的液体。
如果患者可以口服补液,应鼓励口服。 否则,需要静脉输液,如乳酸林格氏溶液或0.9%的NaCl。 一个病例系列研究表明,如果没有其他的并发症,补液大约2ml/kg/%TBSA。[68]Shiga S, Cartotto R. What are the fluid requirements in toxic epidermal necrolysis? J Burn Care Res. 2010;31:100-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061843?tool=bestpractice.com
不管计算所需的液体量是多少,及时临床评估患者的反应极其重要。 通过监测尿量来评估体液复苏。 重要的是,一个成年人的尿量为0.5ml/kg/h(30~50ml/h),体重<30kg的儿童的尿量为1ml/kg/h。
补液量应该在监测尿量的基础上调整。 低体温
疼痛的管理
止痛药应根据症状的严重程度应用。 不推荐使用非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs),除非其他药物,如阿片类或扑热息痛无效。 更换敷料过程中患者需要更多的止痛药。
静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIg)
关于IVIg的使用没有明确的指征。 一些临床医生在皮疹进展迅速至少累及6%TBSA的患者给予IVIg。 也有一些医生只在累及面积达到20%TBSA时给予IVIg。 目前缺乏明确的随机对照试验以指导治疗。 目前的文献包括小规模的回顾性和前瞻性系列研究。 对这些小的临床试验进行综述显示,使用IVIg治疗有益,没有严重的并发症。[2]Dodiuk-Gad RP, Chung WH, Valeyrie-Allanore L, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: an update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16:475-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26481651?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mockenhaupt M. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical patterns, diagnostic considerations, etiology, and therapeutic management. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33:10-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037254?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Schwartz RA, McDonough PH, Lee BW. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Part I: introduction, history, classification, clinical features, systemic manifestations, etiology, and immunopathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:173.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23866878?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Schwartz RA, McDonough PH, Lee BW. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Part II: prognosis, sequelae, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23866879?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Barron SJ, Del Vecchio MT, Aronoff SC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a meta-analysis with meta-regression of observational studies. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54:108-115.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijd.12423/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24697283?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Aires DJ, Fraga G, Korentager R, et al. Early treatment with nonsucrose intravenous immunoglobulin in a burn unit reduces toxic epidermal necrolysis mortality. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12:679-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839186?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Enk A, Hadaschik E, Eming R, et al. European Guidelines (S1) on the use of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in dermatology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2017;15:228-241.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28036140?tool=bestpractice.com
累及口腔
不能每日进食的口腔炎患者,应给予营养支持,选择经口或者肠内管饲。 不推荐使用静脉输入营养液,除非绝对必要。 口腔黏膜受累的患者应给予舒缓的漱口水保持口腔卫生。
眼部累及
所有出现 SJS/TEN 症状和体征的患者在入院时都应进行眼科会诊和全面检查,以保护视力、减少并发症。[72]Gregory DG. New grading system and treatment guidelines for the acute ocular manifestations of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1653-1658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297404?tool=bestpractice.com
用羊膜覆盖整个眼表面,连同在SJS和TEN急性期短期密集局部外用糖皮质激素,可保持良好的视觉敏锐度和完整的眼表面。[72]Gregory DG. New grading system and treatment guidelines for the acute ocular manifestations of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1653-1658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297404?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项前瞻性病例系列研究中,在 79 名患者出院后,对他们进行了为期 3 个月的评估、治疗和随访。对轻度或中度病例进行药物治疗。严重或极度严重的病例则进行药物治疗,同时行紧急羊膜移植术。分级依据:睑缘、角膜和/或结膜的荧光素染色程度。[72]Gregory DG. New grading system and treatment guidelines for the acute ocular manifestations of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1653-1658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27297404?tool=bestpractice.com
职业治疗和物理治疗
由于患者活动限制、力量减弱,应每天走动,并在能力范围内与物理治疗师一起锻炼,如果需要,应请职业治疗师参与治疗。