皮质类固醇
皮质类固醇在 Stevens-Johnson 综合征 (SJS)/中毒性表皮坏死松解症 (TEN) 中的使用一直备受争议。烧伤外科医生认为治疗 TEN 时一旦发生严重的表皮剥脱(>20% 总体表面积 [TBSA]),则具备皮质类固醇治疗禁忌,尤其是皮质类固醇本身可诱发 SJS/TEN。[4]Roujeau JC, Stern RS. Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 10;331(19):1272-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794310?tool=bestpractice.com 一项非对照研究使用地塞米松冲击治疗 6 例早期 SJS/TEN 患者。病例研究(主要是回顾性研究)发现皮质类固醇在出现皮疹后的最初几天可能有效。[65]Zimmermann S, Sekula P, Venhoff M, et al. Systemic immunomodulating therapies for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153:514-522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28329382?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Schneider JA, Cohen PR. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a concise review with a comprehensive summary of therapeutic interventions emphasizing supportive measures. Adv Ther. 2017;34:1235-1244.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5487863/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28439852?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Herndon DN, ed. Total burn care. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012.[74]Creamer D, Walsh SA, Dziewulski P, et al. UK guidelines for the management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in adults 2016. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174:1194-1227.http://www.bad.org.uk/healthcare-professionals/clinical-standards/clinical-guidelines/sjs-tenhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27317286?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Gupta LK, Martin AM, Agarwal N, et al. Guidelines for the management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: an Indian perspective. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82:603-625.http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2016;volume=82;issue=6;spage=603;epage=625;aulast=Guptahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27716721?tool=bestpractice.com
血浆置换
血浆置换已在TEN患者中试用,但结果因为少有的研究和小样本量而模棱两可。 在一项为期9年的研究中,16例TEN患者接受治疗:10例接受常规的支持疗法,6例接受血浆置换治疗;血浆去除的患者没有一个死亡;对照组中2例死于脓毒血症,2例死于心跳呼吸骤停。[76]Egan CA, Grant WJ, Morris SE, et al. Plasmapheresis as an adjunct treatment in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:458-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10071318?tool=bestpractice.com 患者平均年龄为42.4岁;平均受累的面积51.5%TBSA,住院天数为14.8天。[76]Egan CA, Grant WJ, Morris SE, et al. Plasmapheresis as an adjunct treatment in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:458-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10071318?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项研究成功在烧伤科外应用血浆置换治疗13例17%~100%TBSA受累和1~4个黏膜受累的患者。[77]Bamichas G, Natse T, Christidou F, et al. Plasma exchange in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ther Apher. 2002;6:225-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12109948?tool=bestpractice.com 这些患者接受了2至5次血浆置换(平均3.4,平均交换10L血浆,大约每隔一天一次)。 3例死亡,10例恢复。[77]Bamichas G, Natse T, Christidou F, et al. Plasma exchange in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ther Apher. 2002;6:225-228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12109948?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究将8例接受中位数5.5次的血浆置换治疗的患者与2篇已发表的系列研究(未予血浆置换治疗)相比较,两组年龄,TBSA受累的百分比,住院天数和上皮再生的时间相仿,两组的死亡率近似(12.5%)。[78]Furubacke A, Berlin G, Anderson C, et al. Lack of significant treatment effect of plasma exchange in the treatment of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis? Intensive Care Med.1999;25:1307-1310.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10654219?tool=bestpractice.com
环孢素
也有环孢素成功治疗TEN的散发病例报告。[65]Zimmermann S, Sekula P, Venhoff M, et al. Systemic immunomodulating therapies for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153:514-522.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28329382?tool=bestpractice.com 一项针对重度 TEN 患者的小型研究(n=11;平均 83% TBSA 受累)发现,接受环孢素治疗的患者与接受环磷酰胺和皮质类固醇治疗的患者相比,疾病进展停止更快,至上皮再生的时间更短,器官衰竭更少,白细胞减少严重程度更轻。[79]Arevalo JM, Lorente JA, Gonzalez-Herrada C, et al. Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with cyclosporin A. J Trauma. 2000;48:473-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744287?tool=bestpractice.com 在对 71 名 SJS/TEN 患者进行的一项回顾性病例审查中,环孢素可产生较预期更少的死亡(标准死亡率比值是 0.43),而静脉免疫球蛋白 (IVIg) 则与死亡率过高有关(标准死亡率比值是 1.43)。[80]Kirchhof MG, Miliszewski MA, Sikora S, et al. Retrospective review of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis treatment comparing intravenous immunoglobulin with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:941-947.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25087214?tool=bestpractice.com 来自小型 (n=29) II 期开放性试验的结果表明,环孢素可降低 SJS/TEN 患者的死亡率并减轻表皮剥脱的进展。[81]Valeyrie-Allanore L, Wolkenstein P, Brochard L, et al. Open trial of ciclosporin treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:847-853.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20500799?tool=bestpractice.com 一项针对 12 名患者(平均 77% TBSA,使用环孢素 A 和血浆置换治疗)的小型研究中有一例患者死亡。[82]Giudice G, Maggio G, Bufano L, et al. Management of toxic epidermal necrolysis with plasmapheresis and cyclosporine A: our 10 years' experience. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017;5:e1221.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5340478/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280663?tool=bestpractice.com
环磷酰胺
4例患者应用泼尼松龙和环磷酰胺治疗成功。[83]Heng MC, Allen SG. Efficacy of cyclophosphamide in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clinical and pathophysiologic aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:778-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1802900?tool=bestpractice.com 其机制被证明是抑制细胞介导的细胞毒作用。[83]Heng MC, Allen SG. Efficacy of cyclophosphamide in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clinical and pathophysiologic aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:778-786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1802900?tool=bestpractice.com
培养口腔黏膜上皮片眼表覆盖
培养口腔黏膜片移植是针对 TEN、化学、热以及其他损伤导致的严重眼表疾病的一个可行替代方案。[84]Satake Y, Higa K, Tsubota K, et al. Long-term outcome of cultivated oral mucosal epithelial sheet transplantation in treatment of total limbal stem cell deficiency. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1524-1530.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21571372?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Sotozono C, Inatomi T, Nakamura T, et al. Cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation for persistent epithelial defect in severe ocular surface diseases with acute inflammatory activity. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92:e447-e453.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aos.12397/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24835597?tool=bestpractice.com
肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-α 抑制剂
病例报告显示与依那西普和英夫利昔单抗联合使用有效果。[86]Wojtkiewicz A, Wysocki M, Fortuna J, et al. Beneficial and rapid effect of infliximab on the course of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88:420-421.https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/abstract/10.2340/00015555-0462http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18709327?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Scott-Lang V, Tidman M, McKay D. Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a child successfully treated with infliximab. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31:532-534.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23072342?tool=bestpractice.com