一旦诊断,应对诱发药物立即撤药。SJS 和 TEN 最常见的诱发药物包括:抗惊厥药(如卡马西平、苯巴比妥、苯妥英、丙戊酸、拉莫三嗪)、抗生素(如磺胺类药物、氨基青霉素类、喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类)、抗真菌药物、抗逆转录病毒药物(如奈韦拉平)、抗病毒药物(如特拉匹韦、阿昔洛韦)、抗寄生虫药、止痛药(如对乙酰氨基酚)、非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)、选择性 COX-2 抑制剂、抗疟药、硫唑嘌呤、柳氮磺吡啶、别嘌呤醇、氨甲环酸、皮质类固醇、精神药物、抗癌药物(如苯达莫司汀、白消安、苯丁酸氮芥)、氯美扎酮和维 A 酸类药物。[2]Dodiuk-Gad RP, Chung WH, Valeyrie-Allanore L, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: an update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16:475-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26481651?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mockenhaupt M. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical patterns, diagnostic considerations, etiology, and therapeutic management. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2014;33:10-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037254?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Roujeau JC, Stern RS. Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 10;331(19):1272-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794310?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L, et al. Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1600-1608.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199512143332404#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477195?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Mittmann N, Knowles SR, Koo M, et al. Incidence of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in an HIV cohort: an observational, retrospective case series study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2012;13:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145749?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Calabrese JR, Sullivan JR, Bowden CL, et al. Rash in multicenter trials of lamotrigine in mood disorders: clinical relevance and management. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;63(11):1012-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12444815?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Ueta M, Sawai H, Sotozono C, et al. IKZF1, a new susceptibility gene for cold medicine-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis with severe mucosal involvement. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1538-1545.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25672763?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Levi N, Bastuji-Garin S, Mockenhaupt M, et al. Medications as risk factors of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children: a pooled analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e297-e304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19153164?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Rotunda A, Hirsch RJ, Scheinfeld N, et al. Severe cutaneous reactions associated with the use of human immunodeficiency virus medications. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12636014?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Borras-Blasco J, Navarro-Ruiz A, Borras C, et al. Adverse cutaneous reactions associated with the newest antiretroviral drugs in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:879-888.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/5/879.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653488?tool=bestpractice.com[29]La Grenade L, Lee L, Weaver J, et al. Comparison of reporting of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in association with selective COX-2 inhibitors. Drug Saf. 2005;28:917-924.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16180941?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Layton D, Marshall V, Boshier A, et al. Serious skin reactions and selective COX-2 inhibitors: a case series from prescription-event monitoring in England. Drug Saf. 2006;29:687-696.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16872242?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Roujeau JC, Mockenhaupt M, Tahan SR, et al. Telaprevir-related dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:152-158.http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1392461http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23560295?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Mufaddel A, Osman OT, Almugaddam F. Adverse cutaneous effects of psychotropic medications. Exp Rev Dermatol. 2013;8:681-692.[33]Mockenhaupt M, Viboud C, Dunant A, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroScar-Study. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:35-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805350?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Irazabal MP, Martin LM, Gil LA, et al. Tranexamic acid-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23447480?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Tremblay L, de Chambrun GP, De Vroey B, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome with sulfasalazine treatment: report of two cases. J Crohns Colitis. 2011;5:457-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939920?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Rosen AC, Balagula Y, Raisch DW, et al. Life-threatening dermatologic adverse events in oncology. Anticancer Drugs. 2014;25:225-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890653/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108082?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Mawson AR, Eriator I, Karre S. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN): could retinoids play a causative role? Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:133-143.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301467/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579087?tool=bestpractice.com
入院时,应对患者进行多项检查以评估气道,呼吸及循环状态(“ABC”)。 必须确定患者是否有呼吸窘迫。 动脉血气和氧饱和度将有助于确定患者的临床呼吸状态。 SJS/TEN的并发症之一是上、下呼吸道的黏膜受累,表现为水疱形成,溃疡和黏膜脱落,可能会导致喉喘鸣,以及可能的鼻咽回缩和水肿:患者可能需要插管以保持呼吸道通畅。[47]de Prost N, Mekontso-Dessap A, Valeyrie-Allanore L, et al. Acute respiratory failure in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical features and factors associated with mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:118-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989174?tool=bestpractice.com
立即评估受累的体表面积(TBSA)是必要的。 患者的一只手(手掌和手指)大约相当于1%TBSA,或使用“九分法规则”。 受累的TBSA的百分比越大,液体需要越多。 应该以烧伤的标准来计算。Wallace rule of 9s[48]Lund CC, Browder NC. The estimation of areas of burns. Surg Gynecol Obst. 1944;79:352-358.[49]Wachtel TL, Berry CC, Wachtel EE, et al. The inter-rater reliability of estimating the size of burns from various burn area chart drawings. Burns. 2000;26:156-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10716359?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Hettiaratchy S, Papini R. Initial management of a major burn: II - assessment and resuscitation. BMJ. 2004 Jul 10;329(7457):101-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449823/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15242917?tool=bestpractice.com 应联系咨询专门从事这些患者重症监护的烧伤中心,或可将患者转移。[67]Herndon DN, ed. Total burn care. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012.