在任何严重过敏反应发作后,必须为这些患者开具 2 支肾上腺素自动注射器。[3]Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, et al. Anaphylaxis: a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015 Nov;115(5):341-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26505932?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Adrenaline auto-injectors: updated advice after European review. Aug 2017 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/adrenaline-auto-injectors-updated-advice-after-european-review 患者或照护者应随时携带这两支自动注射器,并熟悉其用法。[2]Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3).http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193791?tool=bestpractice.com对于有严重过敏反应风险的儿童,应开具肾上腺素自动注射器并同时提供个体化的书面急救计划。[2]Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3).http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193791?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Wang J, Sicherer SH. Guidance on completing a written allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3).http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/3/e20164005.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193793?tool=bestpractice.comAAP: allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan
使用萃取的昆虫毒液进行免疫治疗(即,脱敏疗法)可以降低对某些昆虫蜇伤高度敏感患者的反应严重性。[1]Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, et al. Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update 2016. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Jan;118(1):28-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28007086?tool=bestpractice.com 这可以显著改善易感患者的生活品质,但是只能由经过相应培训的有资质的医师开展治疗,因为在治疗过程中接触毒液确实存在严重不良反应的较小的风险。[63]Boyle RJ, Elremeli M, Hockenhull J, et al. Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;(10):CD008838.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008838.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076950?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Dhami S, Zaman H, Varga EM, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for insect venom allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2017 Mar;72(3):342-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28120424?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of venom immunotherapy to prevent allergic reactions to insect stings?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.148/full显示答案
如果最近一次免疫接种在 > 5 年前,应对破伤风易发伤口(深/脏/坏死/重度隐士蜘蛛毒液螫入的伤口)采取破伤风预防处理。[33]Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, et al. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee On Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018 Apr 27;67(2):1-44.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5919600/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29702631?tool=bestpractice.com 如果最近一次免疫接种在 > 10 年前,应对非破伤风易发伤口(如蜇伤/黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤)进行破伤风预防处理。