尿崩症可能是中枢性尿崩症,由精氨酸血管加压素 (AVP) 绝对或相对缺乏引起;或是肾性尿崩症,由肾脏对精氨酸血管加压素不敏感或抵抗,造成集合管对水的通透性下降引起。[1]Robinson A, Verbalis J. Posterior pituitary. In: Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, et al., eds. Williams Textbook of endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:263-287.[2]Sands JM, Bichet DG; American College of Physicians; American Physiological Society. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:186-194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16461963?tool=bestpractice.com
垂体手术:经蝶骨手术[1]Robinson A, Verbalis J. Posterior pituitary. In: Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, et al., eds. Williams Textbook of endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:263-287.[5]Singer I, Oster JR, Fishman LM. The management of diabetes insipidus in adults. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1293-1301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9201003?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Makaryus AN, McFarlane SI. Diabetes insipidus: diagnosis and treatment of a complex disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73:65-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16444918?tool=bestpractice.com 通常用于治疗垂体腺瘤,是中枢性尿崩症的常见病因。垂体病变术前发生尿崩症比较少见,除非是颅咽管瘤或浸润下丘脑/垂体柄病变。尿崩症可以是一过性的,也可以是永久性的。不太常见的情况是,可表现为经典的三阶段反应:起初表现为急性中枢性尿崩症,随后是一过性抗利尿阶段(表现为抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(SIADH)引起的低钠血症),最后是永久性中枢性尿崩症。[6]Lindsay RS, Seckl JR, Padfield PL. The triple-phase response - problems of water balance after pituitary surgery. Postgrad Med J. 1995;71:439-441.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2397978&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7567742?tool=bestpractice.com
颅咽管瘤:与大多数颅内肿瘤相比,中枢性尿崩症常见于颅咽管瘤患者,术前占 8% 至 35%,术后占 70% 至 90%。[7]Ghirardello S, Hopper N, Albanese A, et al. Diabetes insipidus in craniopharyngioma: postoperative management of water and electrolyte disorders. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006;19(Suppl 1):413-421.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700319?tool=bestpractice.com 颅咽管瘤患者也更可能患有相关的口渴异常。[8]Smith D, Finucane F, Phillips J, et al. Abnormal regulation of thirst and vasopressin secretion following surgery for craniopharyngioma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004;61:273-279.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15272926?tool=bestpractice.com
创伤后头部损伤:中枢性尿崩症常见于外伤性脑损伤之后,且大部分是一过性的,在脑损伤病例中占 21% 至 26%。[9]Agha A, Thornton E, O'Kelly P, et al. Posterior pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:5987-5992.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/12/5987http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15579748?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Agha A, Sherlock M, Phillips J, et al. The natural history of post-traumatic neurohypophysial dysfunction. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152:371-377.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15757853?tool=bestpractice.com 但有报告指出永久性中枢性尿崩症可占 7%。[9]Agha A, Thornton E, O'Kelly P, et al. Posterior pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:5987-5992.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/12/5987http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15579748?tool=bestpractice.com
垂体柄病变:[1]Robinson A, Verbalis J. Posterior pituitary. In: Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, et al., eds. Williams Textbook of endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:263-287.[5]Singer I, Oster JR, Fishman LM. The management of diabetes insipidus in adults. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1293-1301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9201003?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Maghnie M, Cosi G, Genovese E, et al. Central diabetes insipidus in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:998-1007.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/343/14/998http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11018166?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Makaryus AN, McFarlane SI. Diabetes insipidus: diagnosis and treatment of a complex disease. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73:65-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16444918?tool=bestpractice.com 垂体柄病变常见于 Langerhans 细胞组织细胞增生症,据报道,多达 24% 的患者有中枢性尿崩症。[12]Donadieu J, Rolon MA, Thomas C, et al. Endocrine involvement in pediatric-onset Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: a population-based study. J Pediatr. 2004;144:344-350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001940?tool=bestpractice.com 导致垂体柄病变和中枢性尿崩症的其他占位性病变包括生殖细胞瘤、颅内转移瘤、肉芽肿性疾病(如结节病[13]Porter N, Beynon HL, Randeva HS. Endocrine and reproductive manifestations of sarcoidosis. QJM. 2003;96:553-561.http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/8/553http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12897340?tool=bestpractice.com 和结核病)和淋巴细胞性漏斗垂体炎。[1]Robinson A, Verbalis J. Posterior pituitary. In: Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, et al., eds. Williams Textbook of endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:263-287. 一项针对年轻成人特发性中枢性尿崩症患者的研究显示,长期随访中 96% 的患者明确了诊断。[14]Di Iorgi N, Allegri AE, Napoli F, et al. Central diabetes insipidus in children and young adults: etiological diagnosis and long-term outcome of idiopathic cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1264-1272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24276447?tool=bestpractice.com
先天性畸形:累及垂体或下丘脑和中线前脑缺陷的先天性疾病可发展成中枢性尿崩症。[1]Robinson A, Verbalis J. Posterior pituitary. In: Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, et al., eds. Williams Textbook of endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:263-287.
基因突变:中枢性尿崩症可作为 Wolfram 综合征的组成部分出现,后者是一种进行性神经退行性疾病,特征为糖尿病和视神经萎缩,以及不同程度的中枢性尿崩症和感觉神经性耳聋(也称为尿崩症、糖尿病、视神经萎缩和耳聋 (DIDMOAD))。[15]Minton JA, Rainbow LA, Ricketts C, et al. Wolfram syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2003;4:53-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12618560?tool=bestpractice.com WFS1 基因突变通过常染色体隐性遗传;该 WFS1 基因产物的功能未知,但被认为与细胞内钙稳态有关。[15]Minton JA, Rainbow LA, Ricketts C, et al. Wolfram syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2003;4:53-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12618560?tool=bestpractice.com 精氨酸血管加压素-后叶激素运载蛋白基因突变,为常染色体显性遗传,也可造成中枢性尿崩症。[16]Fujiwara TM, Bichet DG. Molecular biology of hereditary diabetes insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2836-2846.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/10/2836http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093448?tool=bestpractice.com
自身免疫性疾病:中枢性尿崩症与多发性内分泌自身免疫性疾病有关,包括桥本氏甲状腺炎和 1 型糖尿病。[17]Pivonello R, De Bellis A, Faggiano A, et al. Central diabetes insipidus and autoimmunity: relationship between the occurrence of antibodies to arginine vasopressin-secreting cells and clinical, immunological, and radiological features in a large cohort of patients with central diabetes insipidus of known and unknown etiology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1629-1636.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/4/1629http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12679449?tool=bestpractice.com 在一定比例的病例中,中枢性尿崩症与 AVP 分泌细胞自身抗体 (AVPcAb) 相关。[17]Pivonello R, De Bellis A, Faggiano A, et al. Central diabetes insipidus and autoimmunity: relationship between the occurrence of antibodies to arginine vasopressin-secreting cells and clinical, immunological, and radiological features in a large cohort of patients with central diabetes insipidus of known and unknown etiology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1629-1636.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/4/1629http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12679449?tool=bestpractice.com
中枢神经系统感染:脑膜炎或脑炎的晚期并发症可包括中枢性尿崩症。[18]Canton A, Simo R, Mesa J, et al. Central diabetes insipidus: a complication of herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61:325-326.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=486564&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8795612?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Florakis D, Kontogeorgos G, Anapliotou M, et al. Isolated pituitary granuloma by atypical Mycobacterium in a nonimmunosuppressed woman. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56:123-126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11849256?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Franco-Paredes C, Evans J, Jurado R. Diabetes insipidus due to Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1114-1115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11322848?tool=bestpractice.com
脑血管意外:蛛网膜下腔出血可引起尿崩症,尤其是当累及到供给丘脑前部的前交通动脉时。[21]Citerio G, Gaini SM, Tomei G, et al. Management of 350 aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages in 22 Italian neurosurgical centers. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1580-1586.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17541545?tool=bestpractice.com
药物:有报告指出苯妥英是中枢性尿崩症的一个病因。
已知病因:替莫唑胺、[22]Faje AT, Nachtigall L, Wexler D, et al. Central diabetes insipidus: a previously unreported side effect of temozolomide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:3926-3931.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3790614/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23928668?tool=bestpractice.com IgG4。[23]Bando H, Iguchi G, Fukuoka H, et al. The prevalence of IgG4-related hypophysitis in 170 consecutive patients with hypopituitarism and/or central diabetes insipidus and review of the literature. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;170:161-172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165017?tool=bestpractice.com