作为治疗决策依据的危险分层
在治疗决策中,应采取合理方法,综合考虑几个临床特征,将患者归类为低风险、中等风险或高风险组。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com并不必获取所有参数,而是有经验的临床医生的总体印象最为重要。一般来说,治疗的目标是将患者转变为或维持在低风险类别中。尽管一些证据支持这一危险分类,但是很难将这一数据外推至单个患者。
因此需要医生有很高的临床判断力和丰富经验方可做出决策。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com
低风险患者是指:[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com
口服内皮素受体拮抗剂(波生坦、安贝生坦、马西替坦),口服磷酸二酯酶-5 抑制剂(西地那非、他达拉非),可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶激动剂瑞司瓜特,或者选择性前列环素 IP 受体激动剂赛乐西帕是低风险患者的一线治疗选择。[50]Liu HL, Chen XY, Li JR, et al. Efficacy and safety of pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2016;150:353-366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048870?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with pulmonary arterial hypertension, is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of endothelin receptor antagonists?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.206/full显示答案 还可以考虑他达拉非和安贝生坦结合的前期口服联合疗法。[50]Liu HL, Chen XY, Li JR, et al. Efficacy and safety of pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2016;150:353-366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27048870?tool=bestpractice.com对口服单药治疗无充分反应的患者,适合采取依次增加不同类型治疗药物的方法。
高风险患者是指显示下列临床特征的患者:[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com
症状迅速进展和/或出现晕厥
有右心衰竭的证据
WHO 功能分级为 IV级
6MWD<165 米
VO2 峰值<11 mL/min/kg(<预测的 35%)且心肺运动试验的 VE/VCO2 斜率≥45
BNP>300 ng/mL 或 NT-proBNP>1400 ng/mL
超声心动图显示心包渗出液和右心房区域>26 cm^2
右心导管检查显示右心房压力>14 mmHg、心脏指数≤2.0 L/分/m^2、混合静脉血氧饱和度<60%。
数值在两组数据之间的患者则被视作中等风险。
静脉用依前列醇适用于作为高风险患者的一线治疗药物。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com[5]McLaughlin VV, McGoon MD. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2006;114:1417-1431.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/13/1417.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000921?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Badesch DB, Abman SH, Simonneau G, et al. Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: updated ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2007;131:1917-1928.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565025?tool=bestpractice.com 依前列醇(前列环素的合成盐形式)是截至目前唯一一个证明可改善重度 IPAH 生存期的药物。[43]Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Long WA, et al; the Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:296-301.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199602013340504#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8532025?tool=bestpractice.com
若未达到治疗目标,则应开始进行联合治疗。[51]O'Callaghan D, Gaine SP. Combination therapy and new types of agents for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Chest Med. 2007;28:169-185.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17338934?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Hoeper MM, Markevych I, Spiekerkoetter E, et al. Goal-oriented treatment and combination therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:858-863.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16264047?tool=bestpractice.com 目前的治疗靶向作用于 PAH 的 3 个不同途径。可以使用不同类别的 2 或 3 种药物(例如,前列腺素类、内皮素受体拮抗剂、磷酸二酯酶-5 抑制剂或可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶激动剂)。请注意,不可联合使用磷酸二酯酶-5 抑制剂和可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶激动剂,否则会引起全身性低血压。在一项随机、安慰剂对照试验中,在接受至少 3 个月波生坦治疗的功能分级 III级 患者中增加了吸入性伊洛前列素,结果显示,可改善 6 分钟步行距离,以及功能分级、临床病情恶化时间和血流动力学,[53]McLaughlin VV, Oudiz RJ, Frost A, et al. Randomized study of adding inhaled iloprost to existing bosentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:1257-1263.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200603-358OC#.UoNu3fnxobAhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946127?tool=bestpractice.com但后续类似的研究并未显示在口服波生坦治疗中增加吸入性伊洛前列素会产生积极效应。[54]Hoeper MM, Leuchte H, Halank M, et al. Combining inhaled iloprost with bosentan in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:691-694.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/4/691.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012628?tool=bestpractice.com另一项随机对照试验显示,在波生坦或西地那非治疗期间仍有症状的患者中增加吸入性曲前列尼尔可改善运动能力、生活质量和 NT-proBNP 水平。[55]McLaughlin VV, Benza RL, Rubin LJ, et al. Addition of inhaled treprostinil to oral therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1915-1922.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430262?tool=bestpractice.com一项 16 周双盲随机对照试验显示,在长期静脉用依前列醇中增加西地那非可改善一些患者的运动能力、血流动力学、延长临床病情恶化时间和提高生活质量。[56]Simonneau G, Rubin LJ, Galiè N, et al; PACES Study Group. Addition of sildenafil to long-term intravenous epoprostenol therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:521-530.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18936500?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机对照试验发现,在波生坦背景治疗中增加他达拉非可稍稍改善 6MWD。[57]Barst RJ, Oudiz RJ, Beardsworth A, et al. Tadalafil monotherapy and as add-on to background bosentan in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30:632-643.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256048?tool=bestpractice.com一项安慰剂对照临床试验发现,马西替坦(作为单药治疗或者与一种磷酸二酯酶-5 抑制剂或一种前列腺素类药物联用)可延迟有症状肺动脉高压患者出现并发症和死亡这一复合终点。[44]Pulido T, Adzerikho I, Channick RN, et al; SERAPHIN Investigators. Macitentan and morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:809-818.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1213917#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984728?tool=bestpractice.com一项 12 周、双盲、多中心随机试验显示,在接受内皮素受体拮抗剂或前列腺素类药物背景治疗的患者中增加瑞司瓜特可改善运动能力和几个次要转归指标。[47]Ghofrani HA, Galiè N, Grimminger F, et al; PATENT-1 Study Group. Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:330-340.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1209655#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23883378?tool=bestpractice.com
纳入联合治疗试验的系统评价表明,存在 6MWD 适度改善的证据,但联合治疗对死亡率没有影响。[58]Bai Y, Sun L, Hu S, et al. Combination therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a meta-analysis. Cardiology. 2011;120:157-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22212696?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Fox BD, Shimony A, Langleben D. Meta-analysis of monotherapy versus combination therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:1177-1182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21864815?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Coeytaux RR, Schmit KM, Kraft BD, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of drug therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2014;145:1055-1063.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24371842?tool=bestpractice.com应该指出,系统评价中纳入的随机对照临床试验的效力不足以表明死亡率。
难治性患者
对所有药物治疗无效的患者,可选择手术治疗,包括球囊房间隔造口术(BAS)和/或肺移植。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Badesch DB, Abman SH, Simonneau G, et al. Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension: updated ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2007;131:1917-1928.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565025?tool=bestpractice.com
BAS 可引起右向左分流,这减轻了右心房与右心室的压力,增加了体循环的心输出量,但会降低体动脉血氧饱和度。血氧饱和度的降低可通过增加心输出量得以代偿,以增加体循环氧输送。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com目前,对于经所有现有药物疗法后功能分级 IV 级且有复发性晕厥和/或右心衰竭的患者,很少使用 BAS。BAS 可以作为肺移植或者药物疗法不可用时的过渡治疗。
有效药物疗法的可用性减少了肺移植的需要。然而,对药物疗法失败且 WHO 功能分级维持在 III 或 IV 的患者来说,移植仍然是重要的治疗选择。数据显示移植后 5 年生存率已经提高到 52% 到 75%,10 年生存率提高到 45% 到 66%。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com最常实施的是双肺移植。对患有复杂性先天性心脏病以及终末期心力衰竭患者,应考虑心肺移植。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com[5]McLaughlin VV, McGoon MD. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2006;114:1417-1431.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/13/1417.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000921?tool=bestpractice.com很难确定何时将患者列于肺移植等待名单,且由于等待名单的不可预测性及捐献器官的短缺使该决定更为复杂化。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com