在无特异性治疗的情况下,预计的 IPAH 中位生存期是 2.8 年,1 年、3 年和 5 年生存率分别是 68%、48% 和 34%。[70]D'Alonzo GE, Barst RJ, Ayres SM, et al. Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Results from a national prospective registry. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:343-349.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1863023?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗对生存期的影响
依前列醇治疗可改善 IPAH 生存期。[43]Barst RJ, Rubin LJ, Long WA, et al; the Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. A comparison of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin) with conventional therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:296-301.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199602013340504#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8532025?tool=bestpractice.com在一项大型系列研究中,1 年、2 年、3 年、4 年和 5 年生存率分别是 88%、76%、63%、56% 和 47%,相比之下,1 年、2 年和3 年预测生存率分别是(基于美国国立卫生研究院 [NIH] 登记数据)59%、46% 和 35%。[71]McLaughlin VV, Presberg KW, Doyle RL, et al. Prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2004;126(suppl):78S-92S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15249497?tool=bestpractice.com不太稳定的数据表明,急性血管反应性患者使用华法林和口服钙通道阻滞剂也会延长生存期。[72]McLaughlin VV, Sitbon O, Badesch DB, et al. Survival with first-line bosentan in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2005;25:244-249.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/25/2/244.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684287?tool=bestpractice.com所有安慰剂对照随机试验的荟萃分析显示,肺动脉高压(PAH)靶向治疗会降低全因死亡率。[73]Savarese G, Paolillo S, Costanzo P, et al. Do changes of 6-minute walk distance predict clinical events in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension? A meta-analysis of 22 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1192-1201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995024?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Galiè N, Manes A, Negro L, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:394-403.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp022http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19155250?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,观察性登记数据证实 IPAH 生存期改善,1 年、3 年和 5 年生存率分别是 91%、74% 和 65%。[75]Benza RL, Miller DP, Barst RJ, et al. An evaluation of long-term survival from time of diagnosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension from the REVEAL Registry. Chest. 2012;142:448-456.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281797?tool=bestpractice.com
基线预后因素
与预后较差有关的因素:晕厥;男性;老龄;肾功能不全;纽约心脏协会(NYHA) 功能分级为 IV 级;较短的 6 分钟步行距离(6MWD)(不同研究中的截止值不同,大约是 <300 至 440 米);超声心动图显示心包渗出液和/或三尖瓣环平面收缩期位移 <1.5 cm;B 型利钠肽(BNP)水平增高(>180 ng/L 或 >180 pg/mL);有创血流动力学检查显示右房压 >15 mmHg 和/或心脏指数 ≤2 L/分钟/m^2。[4]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67-119.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/1/67/2887599/2015-ESC-ERS-Guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Benza RL, Miller DP, Gomberg-Maitland M, et al. Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL). Circulation. 2010;122:164-172.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122/2/164.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20585012?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Humbert M, Sitbon O, Chaouat A, et al. Survival in patients with idiopathic, familial, and anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in the modern management era. Circulation. 2010;122:156-163.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/122/2/156.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20585011?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗后的预后因素
与预后较差有关的因素:NYHA 分级为 III 级和 IV 级;6MWD <380 米;BNP 水平增高;低心脏指数;和高右房压。究竟这些参数的绝对值还是其较基线的改变是转归的预测指标,目前仍有争议。新证据表明,6MWD 的改变并不能预测临床事件。[78]Fritz JS, Blair C, Oudiz RJ, et al. Baseline and follow-up 6-min walk distance and brain natriuretic peptide predict 2-year mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2013;143:315-323.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22814814?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究证明,NYHA 功能分级、心脏指数、混合静脉血氧饱和度和 N-端 B 型利钠肽前体可以预测无移植生存期。尤其经治疗后 NYHA 分级达到 I 级或 II 级、心脏指数 ≥ 2.5 L/分钟/m^2 或混合静脉血氧饱和度 ≥65% 均与生存期改善相关。[79]Nickel N, Golpon H, Greer M, et al. The prognostic impact of follow-up assessments in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2012;39:589-596.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/39/3/589.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885392?tool=bestpractice.com