慢性地高辛过量用药
胃肠道吸收率上升(由抗菌治疗导致,或由药物引起的P-糖蛋白抑制导致)[8]Bizjak ED, Mauro VF. Digoxin-macrolide drug interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31:1077-1079.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9296249?tool=bestpractice.com[9]De Lannoy IA, Koren G, Klein J, et al. Cyclosporin and quinidine inhibition of renal digoxin excretion: evidence for luminal secretion of digoxin. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:F613-F622.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1357987?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Hanratty CG, McGlinchey P, Johnston GD, et al. Differential pharmacokinetics of digoxin in elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 2000;17:353-362.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11190416?tool=bestpractice.com
因肾功能不全或药物导致肾脏清除率下降。[11]Fenster PE, White NW Jr, Hanson CD. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the digoxin-amiodarone interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5:108-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3964797?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Moysey JO, Jaggarao NS, Grundy EN, et al. Amiodarone increases plasma digoxin concentrations. Br Med J 1981;282:272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1504064/pdf/bmjcred00642-0028a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6779981?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Pedersen KE, Dorph-Pedersen A, Hvidt S, et al. Digoxin-verapamil interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;30:311-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7273594?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Schenck-Gustafsson K, Dahlqvist R. Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in patients subjected to the quinidine-digoxin interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;11:181-186.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7213521?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Waldorff S, Hansen PB, Egeblad H, et al. Interactions between digoxin and potassium-sparing diuretics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983;33:418-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6831820?tool=bestpractice.com
从蛋白结合位点置换地高辛[11]Fenster PE, White NW Jr, Hanson CD. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the digoxin-amiodarone interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5:108-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3964797?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Moysey JO, Jaggarao NS, Grundy EN, et al. Amiodarone increases plasma digoxin concentrations. Br Med J 1981;282:272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1504064/pdf/bmjcred00642-0028a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6779981?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Schenck-Gustafsson K, Dahlqvist R. Pharmacokinetics of digoxin in patients subjected to the quinidine-digoxin interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;11:181-186.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7213521?tool=bestpractice.com
增加地高辛易感性的条件(电解质紊乱,如低钾血症、低镁血症、高钙血症)[16]Colt HG, Shapiro AP: Drug-induced illness as a cause for admission to a community hospital. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37:323-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2921453?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Steiness E. Digoxin toxicity compared with myocardial digoxin and potassium concentration. Br J Pharmacol. 1978;63:233-237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1668410/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/667416?tool=bestpractice.com
地高辛的清除在很大程度上依赖于P-糖蛋白。因此,抑制P-糖蛋白的药物可能会增加地高辛水平并有可能引起毒性反应。这类药物很多,但临床上显著的药物包括维拉帕米、地尔硫卓、胺碘酮、奎尼丁、酮康唑、伊曲康唑、长春碱、多柔比星、利血平、2,4-二硝基苯酚和红霉素。这些药物还有可能抑制细胞色素3A4。[18]Kim RB, Wandel C, Leake B, et al. Interrelationship between substrates and inhibitors of human CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 1999;16:408-414.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213372?tool=bestpractice.com其他药物还有克拉霉素、环孢素、普罗帕酮、奎尼丁和螺内酯。