性功能障碍的病因一般有多种,包括个人、心理、背景和社会文化因素,有时候也包括医疗因素。[23]Basson R. Sexual desire and arousal disorders in women. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1497-1506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16598046?tool=bestpractice.com[24]McCabe M, Althof SE, Assalian P, et al. Psychological and interpersonal dimensions of sexual function and dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2010;7:327-336.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092442?tool=bestpractice.com
潜在的抑郁和焦虑症状较常见。即使不存在心境或焦虑障碍的临床诊断,与无性问题的妇女相比,性欲障碍妇女也会有更多的心境不稳定、缺乏自尊、焦虑和抑郁想法。[3]Bancroft J, Loftus J, Long JS. Distress about sex: a national survey of women in heterosexual relationships. Arch Sex Behav. 2003;32:193-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12807292?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Hartmann U, Philippsohn S, Heiser K, et al. Low desire in midlife and older women: personality factors, psychosocial development, present sexuality. Menopause. 2004;11:726-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543025?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Avis NE, Stellato R, Crawford S, et al. Is there an association between menopause status and sexual functioning? Menopause. 2000;7:297-309.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10993029?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Burger H. Are changes in sexual functioning during mid-life due to aging or menopause? Fertil Steril. 2001;76:456-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11532464?tool=bestpractice.com
发育早期和青春期的性经验和非性经验也会决定性心理发育,所以忽视、虐待或不容忍儿童表现出的情感,可能有病因学意义。[25]Scharff DE. Life processes that restructure relationships. In: Levine SB, Risen CB, Althof SE, eds. Handbook of clinical sexuality. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge; 2003:37-55.[26]Staples J, Rellini AH, Roberts SP. Avoiding experiences: sexual dysfunction in women with a history of sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence. Arch Sex Behav. 2012;41:341-350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21667232?tool=bestpractice.com
现有人际关系质量差、缺乏有助于妇女性唤起的性环境和性刺激、伴侣有性功能障碍、社会文化压力和限制是进一步的促成因素,[3]Bancroft J, Loftus J, Long JS. Distress about sex: a national survey of women in heterosexual relationships. Arch Sex Behav. 2003;32:193-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12807292?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Burger H. Are changes in sexual functioning during mid-life due to aging or menopause? Fertil Steril. 2001;76:456-460.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11532464?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Cayan S, Bozlu M, Canpolat B, et al. The assessment of sexual functions in women with male partners complaining of erectile dysfunction: does treatment of male sexual dysfunction improve female partner's sexual functions? J Sex Marital Ther. 2004;30:333-341.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15672601?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Mitchell KR, Mercer CH, Ploubidis GB, et al. Sexual function in Britain: findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). Lancet. 2013;382:1817-1829.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286787?tool=bestpractice.com慢性疾病[22]Laumann EO, Nicolosi A, Glasser DB, et al. Sexual problems among women and men, aged 40-80 y: prevalence and correlates identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviours. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17:39-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215881?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Basson R, Schultz WW. Sexual sequelae of general medical disorders. Lancet. 2007;369:409-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17276781?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Basson R, Bronner G. Management and rehabilitation of neurologic patients with sexual dysfunction. In: Vodusek DB, Boller F, eds. Handbook of clinical neurology. Vol. 130. Waltham, MA: Elsevier; 2015:415-434.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444632470000249和干预,包括药物,尤其是 SSRI,也是促成因素。[30]Clayton AH, Pradko JF, Croft HA, et al. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among newer anti-depressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:357-366.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12000211?tool=bestpractice.com对性功能有负面影响的其他药物包括抗高血压药物(β 受体阻滞剂、噻嗪利尿剂)、锂、抗精神病药、苯二氮䓬类药物、抗惊厥药、GnRH 激动剂、芳香化酶抑制剂、抗雄激素药物(例如螺内酯)、含有屈螺酮、诺孕酯和去氧孕烯的复方避孕药、[31]Battaglia C, Battaglia B, Mancini F, et al. Sexual behavior and oral contraception: a pilot study. J Sex Med. 2012;9:550-557.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22188640?tool=bestpractice.com鸦片类镇痛药、可卡因、酒精。
年轻女性行双侧卵巢切除术 (BSO),也可能有影响,[16]Leiblum SR, Koochaki PE, Rodenberg CA, et al. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women: US results from the Women's International Study of Health and Sexuality (WISHeS). Menopause. 2006;13:46-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16607098?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Dennerstein L, Koochaki P, Barton I, et al. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in menopausal women: a survey of western European women. J Sex Med. 2006;3:212-222.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16490014?tool=bestpractice.com但如果由中年妇女自由选择,很明显不会引起后续的性功能障碍[32]Teplin V, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al. Oophorectomy in premenopausal women: health-related quality of life and sexual functioning. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109:347-354.http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2007/02000/Oophorectomy_in_Premenopausal_Women_.18.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17267835?tool=bestpractice.com,所以失去卵巢雄性激素可能不是 BSO 切除后性后遗症的相关的高危因素。雌激素缺乏可能导致生殖器和非生殖器皮肤的性敏感度丧失和性交困难,两者均能导致性兴趣减退。缺乏适当的性学习,无论是通过性教育,还是经验,可能与妇女的先天性高潮障碍有病因学关系。[33]Heiman JR. Orgasmic disorders in women. In: Leiblum SR, ed. Principles and practice of sex therapy. 4th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2007:66-68.
持续性生殖器唤起障碍的病因尚不清楚,但强迫性症状、对身体感觉过度警觉、把这些症状看得过分严重、产生的焦虑似乎有特征性。[34]Leiblum S, Seehuus M, Brown C. Persistent genital arousal: disordered or normative aspect of female sexual response? J Sex Med. 2007;4:680-689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498105?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Pereira VM, Silva AC, Nardi AE. Persistent genital arousal disorder: A literature review. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria [in Portuguese]. 2010;59:223-232.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0047-20852010000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en不安腿综合征 (RLS) 和膀胱过动可能伴有 PGAD。[36]Waldinger MD, Schweitzer DH. Persistent genital arousal disorder in 18 Dutch
women: part II. A syndrome clustered with restless legs and overactive bladder. J
Sex Med. 2009;6:482-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138358?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Waldinger MD, de Lint GJ, Venema PL, et al. Successful transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in two women with restless genital syndrome: the role of adelta- and C-nerve fibers. J Sex Med. 2010;7:1190-1199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19832936?tool=bestpractice.com使用氯硝西泮或多巴胺能药物治疗不安腿综合征可能减少 PGAD 症状。[36]Waldinger MD, Schweitzer DH. Persistent genital arousal disorder in 18 Dutch
women: part II. A syndrome clustered with restless legs and overactive bladder. J
Sex Med. 2009;6:482-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138358?tool=bestpractice.com考虑到在 PGAD 方面仅有有限的研究,所以不进一步讨论其病理生理学机制和治疗。