高压氧疗
已经证明,高压氧 (HBO) 治疗能够降低糖尿病足部溃疡患者的截肢风险,并可改善移植物或皮瓣受损患者的治疗效果。一项近期的系统性综述显示,在累及下肢的病例中,HBO 的缓解率可达到约 85%。[91]Goldman, RJ. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for wound healing and limb salvage: a systematic review. PM R. 2009;1:471-489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19627935?tool=bestpractice.com
真空辅助闭合
真空辅助闭合 (VAC) 在伤口表面施加局部负压,有助于去除液体。一项儿科病例研究发现,VAC 系统有助于提高肉芽组织的形成率,加快广泛性软组织损伤的愈合。[92]Mooney JF 3rd, Argenta LC, Marks MW, et al. Treatment of soft tissue defects in pediatric patients using the V.A.C. system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;376:26-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10906854?tool=bestpractice.com虽然 VAC 的未来应用前景较好,但目前尚无大规模的对照试验确定其治疗骨髓炎的有效性和风险。
以生物膜为焦点的治疗
已经发现,慢性骨髓炎宿主的成骨细胞中有病原体(金黄色葡萄球菌),并且在细胞内持续存在。虽然失活组织上形成的生物膜是慢性骨髓炎临床静止状态的主要原因,但在此疾病发病过程中的某些时刻,细胞内病原体仍起到了一定的作用。此项发现可能将开创慢性骨髓炎治疗的新模式的发展。[93]Webb LX, Wagner W, Carroll D, et al. Osteomyelitis and intraosteoblastic Staphylococcus aureus. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2007;16:73-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17592714?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Ellington JK, Harris M, Hudson MC, et al. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic resistance: implications for treatment of staphylococcal osteomyelitis. J Orthop Res. 2006;24:87-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16419973?tool=bestpractice.com
抑制性长期抗生素治疗
对于假体不能拆除的慢性感染患者,可采用长期口服抑制性抗生素的治疗方案,维持假体功能。在一项研究中,对保留感染假体的患者进行初始清创,然后实施 4 至 6 周的全身抗菌药物治疗。此后在平均为 5 年的随访中发现, 86.2% 的患者治疗效果较好。但还需更多研究才能确定最佳的抗生素治疗方案和疗程。[95]Rao N, Crossett LS, Sinha RK, et al. Long-term suppression of infection in total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;414:55-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12966277?tool=bestpractice.com
替吉环素
替吉环素是一种广谱抗生素。替吉环素在革兰阳性和革兰阴性病原菌治疗中的有效性令人瞩目。[96]Slover CM, Rodvold KA, Danziger LH. Tigecycline: a novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:965-972.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17519296?tool=bestpractice.com
利奈唑胺和达托霉素
利奈唑胺和达托霉素对 MRSA 和 VRE 等耐药性革兰阳性病原体有一定的抑制作用。近期的几项研究显示,它们对由耐药性革兰阳性病原体引起的骨髓炎具有潜在的有效性。[97]Rice DA, Mendez-Vigo L. Daptomycin in bone and joint infections: a review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009:129:1495-1504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18989686?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Razonable RR, Osmon DR, Steckelberg JM. Linezolid therapy for orthopedic infections. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:1137-1144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15357035?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Rayner CR, Baddour LM, Birmingham MC, et al. Linezolid in treatment of osteomyelitis: results of compassionate use experience. Infection. 2004;32:8-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15007736?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Rao N, Ziran BH, Hall RA, et al. Successful treatment of chronic bone and joint infections with oral Linezolid. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;427:67-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15552139?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Rao N, Hamilton CW. Efficacy and safety of Linezolid for Gram-positive orthopedic infections: a prospective case series. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;59:173-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574788?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Lamp KC, Friedrich LV, Mendez-Vigo L, et al. Clinical experience with daptomycin for the treatment of patients with osteomyelitis. Am J Med. 2007;120(Suppl 1):S13-S20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17904946?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Holtom PD, Zalavras CG, Lamp KC, et al. Clinical experience with daptomycin treatment of foot or ankle osteomyelitis: a preliminary study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;461:35-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17549028?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Crompton JA, North DS, McConnell SA, et al. Safety and efficacy of daptomycin in the treatment of osteomyelitis: results from the CORE Registry. J Chemother. 2009;21:414-420.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622460?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Chiappini E, Conti C, Galli L, et al. Clinical efficacy and
tolerability of linezolid in pediatric patients: a systematic review. Clin Ther.
2010;32:66-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171414?tool=bestpractice.com