针对压疮的治疗已有多项指南和系统综述发表。[1]European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2014. http://www.npuap.org/ (last accessed 31 March 2017).http://www.npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/prevention-and-treatment-of-pressure-ulcers-clinical-practice-guideline/[51]Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, et al. Treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300:2647-2662.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/183029http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19066385?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Smith ME, Totten A, Hickam DH, et al. Pressure ulcer treatment strategies: a systematic comparative effectiveness review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:39-50.http://annals.org/aim/article/1700644/pressure-ulcer-treatment-strategies-systematic-comparative-effectiveness-reviewhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23817703?tool=bestpractice.com 在压疮的治疗中,缓解压力作为治疗措施的一种和其作为预防措施一样紧要,同时应避免患处受压。缓解压力能够通过改变体位和使用合适的支撑面来达成。最佳的翻身频率尚未由高质量的临床实验确认。一般共识认为应该每2小时给患者改变体位,但没有证据表明这种做法能促进压疮愈合。[53]Vanderwee K, Grypdonck MH, De Bacquer D, et al. Effectiveness of turning with unequal time intervals on the incidence of pressure ulcer lesions. J Adv Nurs. 2007;57:59-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17184374?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Moore ZE, Cowman S. Repositioning for treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD006898.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006898.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25561248?tool=bestpractice.com
合理的减压设备,包括床垫、轮椅垫或坐垫,应当及时应用。 几乎没有证据支持在其他物品上也应用特制的支撑面。[39]McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, et al. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD001735.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001735.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333288?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, et al. Treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300:2647-2662.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/183029http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19066385?tool=bestpractice.com
对压疮患者建议采取营养支持,若存在营养不良的证据更应如此。 营养支持的目标是每千克体重提供30到35千卡热量和1.2到1.5克蛋白。 额外补充蛋白或氨基酸能够加强愈合;然而,支持这一结论的证据有限。[44]Langer G, Fink A. Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD003216.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919719?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Forciea MA, et al; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Treatment of pressure ulcers: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:370-379.http://annals.org/aim/article/2173506/treatment-pressure-ulcers-clinical-practice-guideline-from-american-college-physicianshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25732279?tool=bestpractice.com 一项小型临床试验发现,富含精氨酸、锌和抗氧化剂的营养配方可改善愈合情况。[56]Cereda E, Klersy C, Serioli M, et al; OligoElement Sore Trial Study Group. A nutritional formula enriched with arginine, zinc, and antioxidants for the healing of pressure ulcers: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:167-174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643304?tool=bestpractice.com 促蛋白合成类固醇被用于促进体重增加和慢性伤口愈合。 然而一项随机临床试验发现,对于发生压疮的脊髓损伤患者,使用氧雄龙和安慰剂相比并未表现出任何受益。[57]Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Collins JF, et al. The effect of oxandrolone on the healing of chronic pressure ulcers in persons with spinal cord injury: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:718-726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23689765?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does oxandrolone compare with placebo in people with pressure ulcers?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1835/full显示答案
压疮治疗的另一个重要方面是疼痛的评估和管理。[58]Pieper B, Langemo D, Cuddigan J. Pressure ulcer pain: a systematic literature review and national pressure ulcer advisory panel white paper. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2009;55:16-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246782?tool=bestpractice.com 评估的目的是识别疼痛的类型和程度,以便采取合理的治疗。对于间歇性疼痛,例如在进行清创术时产生的疼痛,应当在术前 30 到60 分钟给予口服镇痛药。此外,在伤口局部应用利多卡因可能有益。对于更换辅料时发生的周期性疼痛,具体处理则取决于疼痛的程度。对于轻度疼痛,通常可以给予对乙酰氨基酚或非甾体抗炎药 (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID)。对于中到重度的疼痛,通常使用阿片类药物来处理。可待因或奥施康定经常与对乙酰氨基酚联用来处理中度疼痛,而重度疼痛可能需要口服或静脉注射吗啡。同样的药物可以用于持续性压疮疼痛。特殊敷料的使用也有可能帮助减轻换药所引起的周期性疼痛。对于压疮疼痛,可以考虑采用布洛芬缓释泡沫敷料[59]Arapaglou V, Katsenis K, Syrigos KN, et al. Analgesic efficacy of an ibuprofen-releasing foam dressing compared with local best practices for painful exuding wounds. J Wound Care. 2011;20:319-325.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841720?tool=bestpractice.com 或局部使用吗啡[60]Zeppetella G, Paul J, Ribeiro MD. Analgesic efficacy of morphine applied topically to painful ulcers. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2003;25:555-558.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12782436?tool=bestpractice.com ;然而限于专利,这些疗法在大多数国家通常无法采用,而且可能需要药剂师的配制。
其他治疗措施应根据患者具体情况不同采取个性化应用。
对1期压疮患者采取的治疗措施包括减压、良好的卫生规范、皮肤尤其是骶尾部的护理。 额外的治疗措施应当用于2至4期的压疮患者中。
表浅性溃疡(2期或浅的3期溃疡)
对此类压疮患者的治疗包括良好的卫生规范、皮肤护理以及采用恰当的敷料。 [
]How do different dressings and topical agents compare for treating individuals with pressure ulcers?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1874/full显示答案 水凝胶敷料通常能够为促进愈合提供合适的环境。
深部溃疡(深的3期溃疡或4期)
创面床的准备是治疗此类深部伤口的关键。[61]Sibbald RG, Orsted HL, Coutts PM, et al. Best practice recommendations for preparing the wound bed: update 2006. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20:390-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17620740?tool=bestpractice.com 如果存在坏死组织,可能需要对伤口进行初步清创, 途径包括以下几种:外科清创、[62]Leaper D. Sharp technique for wound debridement. December 2002. http://www.worldwidewounds.com/ (last accessed 31 March 2017).http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2002/december/Leaper/Sharp-Debridement.html 自溶清创(采用水凝胶等产品促进自溶)、应用酶制剂、[63]Vowden K, Vowden P. Wound bed preparation. March 2002. http://www.worldwidewounds.com/ (last accessed 31 March 2017).http://www.worldwidewounds.com/2002/april/Vowden/Wound-Bed-Preparation.html 蛆虫清创[64]Sherman RA, Wyle F, Vulpe M. Maggot therapy for treating pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury patients. J Spinal Cord Med. 1995;18:71-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7640976?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Gray M. Is larval (maggot) debridement effective for removal of necrotic tissue from chronic wounds? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2008;35:378-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635985?tool=bestpractice.com 或高压水流冲洗。[66]Gurunluoglu R. Experiences with waterjet hydrosurgery system in wound debridement. World J Emerg Surg. 2007;2:10.http://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1749-7922-2-10http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475016?tool=bestpractice.com 没有明确的证据表明哪一种清创形式最有效。清创技术:一项关于清创技术的系统综述表明尚缺乏足够证据来比较不同的清创方法。[67]Bradley M, Cullum N, Sheldon T. The debridement of chronic wounds: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 1999;3:iii-iv,1-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10492854?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 但是,如果怀疑存在严重的深部组织感染,需立即进行锐器清创。当坏死组织被清除后,伤口应当敷以适当的敷料, [
]How do different dressings and topical agents compare for treating individuals with pressure ulcers?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1874/full显示答案 以保持创面潮湿,促进肉芽组织生长和上皮再生。尽管蜂蜜敷料的使用很普遍,但没有证据表明其具有促进伤口愈合的作用。[68]Jull AB, Cullum N, Dumville JC, et al. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD005083.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25742878?tool=bestpractice.com 在清洁伤口所使用的溶液或手法上,极少有证据指出哪一种更优越。一项单中心的小型临床试验提出,一种混合了芦荟、氯化银和烷基聚葡萄糖苷的盐水喷雾剂可能比单用盐水更佳。[69]Moore ZE, Cowman S. Wound cleansing for pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(3):CD004983.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004983.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543538?tool=bestpractice.com
目前还缺乏随机对照临床试验提供明确的证据对敷料种类的优劣做出评价,在这种情况下,应该使用结构化的方法进行局部治疗。[70]Bradley M, Cullum N, Nelson EA, et al. Systematic reviews of wound care management: (2). Dressings and topical agents used in the healing of chronic wounds. Health Technol Assess. 1999;3:1-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10683589?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Bouza C, Saz Z, Munoz A, et al. Efficacy of advanced dressings in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. J Wound Care. 2005;14:193-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15909431?tool=bestpractice.com伤口愈合速度:水凝胶敷料是否比次氯酸盐或聚维酮碘浸泡过的纱布敷料更有助于伤口愈合仍不清楚。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 根据已确立的标准和治疗目标对伤口的情况进行评估,比如压疮分期、创面床状况、感染与否、渗出水平、疼痛程度、周边皮肤条件、病变位置和患者的意见。[72]Thomas S. A structured approach to the selection of dressings. July 1997. http://www.worldwidewounds.com/ (last accessed 31 March 2017).http://www.worldwidewounds.com/1997/july/Thomas-Guide/Dress-Select.html
如果压疮通过保守治疗不能愈合或需要将伤口尽快关闭,可以考虑手术。 手术方式包括溃疡切除、植皮和皮瓣修复等。 即使对患者进行精心挑选,复发率仍然很高。 在骶尾部巨大溃疡伴粪便污染的情况下,可以考虑结肠造口术进行改道,但其效果并不确定。
感染的处理
含有大量坏死组织或腐肉的伤口会不可避免地存在细菌,通常包括金黄色葡萄球菌、奇异变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和某些拟杆菌属。从此类伤口取样的拭子经常会被检测出大量微生物,并可能导致不必要的抗生素应用。因此,建议在伤口感染得到临床诊断后再进行细菌培养,而并非常规做拭子检查。[1]European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2014. http://www.npuap.org/ (last accessed 31 March 2017).http://www.npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/prevention-and-treatment-of-pressure-ulcers-clinical-practice-guideline/
如果有临床征象表明治疗措施对感染不起作用,应当进行影像学检查来排除骨髓炎和关节感染。 对出现败血症、急性蜂窝织炎或骨髓炎等并发症的患者,应合理采取全身抗生素治疗。 对于仅表现出局部感染征象的压疮,通常不需要全身抗生素治疗,[1]European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2014. http://www.npuap.org/ (last accessed 31 March 2017).http://www.npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/prevention-and-treatment-of-pressure-ulcers-clinical-practice-guideline/ 而是采取局部抗菌疗法。 一项系统评价强调,局部和全身抗微生物药物治疗的作用仍不清楚。[73]Norman G, Dumville JC, Moore ZE, et al. Antibiotics and antiseptics for pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):CD011586.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011586.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27040598?tool=bestpractice.com 在其他情况下可能不需要常规应用含药物的敷料。[74]Ebright JR. Microbiology of chronic leg and pressure ulcers: clinical significance and implications for treatment. Nurs Clin North Am. 2005;40:207-216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15924890?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助治疗
没有证据表明辅助治疗能够促进压疮愈合。[51]Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, et al. Treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300:2647-2662.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/183029http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19066385?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管真空疗法(或局部负压疗法)应用甚广,但缺乏足够的证据支持其所带来的临床受益。[75]Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;38:563-576.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9188971?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Gregor S, Maegele M, Sauerland S, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy: a vacuum of evidence? Arch Surg. 2008;143:189-196.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/401480http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18283145?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Ubbink DT, Westerbos SJ, Nelson EA, et al. A systematic review of topical negative pressure therapy for acute and chronic wounds. Br J Surg. 2008;95:685-692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446777?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Van Den Boogaard M, De Laat E, Spauwen P, et al. The effectiveness of topical negative pressure in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a literature review. Eur J Plast Surg. 2008;31:1-7.[79]Desai KK, Hahn E, Pulikkottil B, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy: an algorithm. Clin Plast Surg. 2012;39:311-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22732378?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Dumville JC, Webster J, Evans D, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD011334.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011334.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25992684?tool=bestpractice.com负压疗法用于压疮治疗的临床获益:关于真空或局部负压疗法的系统综述得出的结论是,这些疗法的临床获益缺乏足够证据支持,但有大量过早中止或未发表的试验值得注意。[76]Gregor S, Maegele M, Sauerland S, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy: a vacuum of evidence? Arch Surg. 2008;143:189-196.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/401480http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18283145?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Ubbink DT, Westerbos SJ, Nelson EA, et al. A systematic review of topical negative pressure therapy for acute and chronic wounds. Br J Surg. 2008;95:685-692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446777?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Van Den Boogaard M, De Laat E, Spauwen P, et al. The effectiveness of topical negative pressure in the treatment of pressure ulcers: a literature review. Eur J Plast Surg. 2008;31:1-7.低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
虽然高压氧疗可能为下肢糖尿病溃疡提供短期益处,但关于将其用于压疮患者的证据很少。[81]Kranke P, Bennett M, Martyn-St James M, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD004123.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004123.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26106870?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Roeckl-Wiedmann I, Bennett M, Kranke P. Systematic review of hyperbaric oxygen in the management of chronic wounds. Br J Surg. 2005;92:24-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635604?tool=bestpractice.com高压氧疗法用于压疮治疗的临床获益:系统综述没有就高压氧疗法是否对压疮的治疗有任何好处得出结论。[81]Kranke P, Bennett M, Martyn-St James M, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD004123.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004123.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26106870?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Roeckl-Wiedmann I, Bennett M, Kranke P. Systematic review of hyperbaric oxygen in the management of chronic wounds. Br J Surg. 2005;92:24-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635604?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
其他系统评价发现,对于激光疗法、超声疗法、紫外线 (UV) 疗法和电磁疗法在慢性伤口愈合中的作用,没有足够的证据来达成结论。 总之,在压疮的治疗中,支持常规使用这些昂贵的辅助疗法的数据非常有限。[83]Cullum N, Nelson EA, Flemming K, et al. Systematic reviews of wound care management: (5) beds; (6) compression; (7) laser therapy, therapeutic ultrasound, electrotherapy and electromagnetic therapy. Health Technol Assess. 2001;5:1-221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11368833?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Aziz Z, Bell-Syer SE. Electromagnetic therapy for treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD002930.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002930.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26334539?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,有一些证据支持使用电刺激疗法来增强伤口愈合。[55]Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Forciea MA, et al; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Treatment of pressure ulcers: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:370-379.http://annals.org/aim/article/2173506/treatment-pressure-ulcers-clinical-practice-guideline-from-american-college-physicianshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25732279?tool=bestpractice.com