预防压疮的干预措施应当根据每个患者的个人情况进行调整,并采取综合性风险评估识别并凸显值得注意的方面。 关于支持不同预防措施的证据已经在指南和系统回顾中得到了回顾。[1]European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2014. http://www.npuap.org/ (last accessed 31 March 2017).http://www.npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/prevention-and-treatment-of-pressure-ulcers-clinical-practice-guideline/[27]Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA. Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;296:974-984.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16926357?tool=bestpractice.com
缓解压力至关重要。 通过帮患者改变体位和使用适当的支撑面可以达到该目的。 改变体位的最佳频率尚未可知,而且根据支撑面的不同,这个频率是存在差别的。[8]Defloor T, De Bacquer D, Grypdonck MH. The effect of various combinations of turning and pressure reducing devices on the incidence of pressure ulcers. Int J Nurs Stud. 2005;42:37-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582638?tool=bestpractice.com 2011年开展的一项随机临床对照研究发现:每3小时给患者翻身能防止压疮发生。[36]Moore Z, Cowman S, Conroy RM. A randomised controlled clinical trial of repositioning, using the 30° tilt, for the prevention of pressure ulcers. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20:2633-2644.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03736.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21702861?tool=bestpractice.com 一项更近的研究调查了疗养院居民(所有研究对象都使用高密度泡沫床垫),发现在改变体位的频率为每2小时、3小时和4小时的亚组间,压疮的发病率没有显著差异。[37]Bergstrom N, Horn SD, Rapp MP, et al. Turning for Ulcer ReductioN: a multisite randomized clinical trial in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:1705-1713.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.12440/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24050454?tool=bestpractice.com 针对危险人群的护理标准规定每2小时改变一次体位。 然而在忙碌的临床环境中,这一点可能难以达成,应当鼓励使用激励机制来推动规律的改变体位。 [38]Yap TL, Kennerly SM, Simmons MR, et al. Multidimensional team-based intervention using musical cues to reduce odds of facility-acquired pressure ulcers in long-term care: a paired randomized intervention study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:1552-1559.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24028358?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇系统综述得出结论:虽然有牢固的理论基础支持改变体位,但是来自既有临床试验的证据有限。[39]McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, et al. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD001735.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001735.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333288?tool=bestpractice.com
专业支撑面比标准医院床垫在预防压疮方面更有效。[1]European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2014. http://www.npuap.org/ (last accessed 31 March 2017).http://www.npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/prevention-and-treatment-of-pressure-ulcers-clinical-practice-guideline/[27]Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA. Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;296:974-984.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16926357?tool=bestpractice.com[39]McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, et al. Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD001735.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001735.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333288?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do different support surfaces compare in terms of pressure ulcer prevention?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1143/full显示答案 然而,支撑面之间优越性对比的证据更加有限。比如,在一项囊括了1972名活动受限住院患者的随机临床试验中,没有发现使用变压气垫的患者和使用变压床罩的患者的压疮发病率存在差异。[40]Nixon J, Cranny G, Iglesias C, et al. Randomised, controlled trial of alternating pressure mattresses compared with alternating pressure overlays for the prevention of pressure ulcers: PRESSURE (pressure relieving support surfaces) trial. BMJ. 2006;332:1413.http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7555/1413.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16740530?tool=bestpractice.com 然而在依靠轮椅的疗养院居民中,在轮椅上装置一种皮肤保护垫比分段的泡沫垫更能预防骶骨和坐骨结节压疮。[41]Brienza D, Kelsey S, Karg P, et al. A randomized clinical trial on preventing pressure ulcers with wheelchair seat cushions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:2308-2314.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21070197?tool=bestpractice.com 在髋部骨折的患者中,除了使用支撑面将压力再分配之外,使用一种足跟垫高装置能够减少足跟部压疮的发病率。[42]Donnelly J, Winder J, Kernohan WG, et al. An RCT to determine the effect of a heel elevation device in pressure ulcer prevention post-hip fracture. J Wound Care. 2011;20:309-312,314-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841719?tool=bestpractice.com
提供持续压力反馈的监测设备可能有助于改变体位和预防压疮。[43]Walia GS, Wong AL, Lo AY, et al. Efficacy of monitoring devices in support of prevention of pressure injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2016;29:567-574.http://journals.lww.com/aswcjournal/Fulltext/2016/12000/Efficacy_of_Monitoring_Devices_in_Support_of.7.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27846030?tool=bestpractice.com
其他预防压疮的干预措施包括营养支持和使用润肤霜(尤其在骶部)等。 有些研究发现这些措施有益,也有一些研究持反对意见。 一个系统性综述发现没有证据支持营养干预对预防压疮有益处。[44]Langer G, Fink A. Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD003216.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919719?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Do nutritional interventions help prevent the development of pressure ulcers?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.768/full显示答案
尽管使用敷料覆盖骨质凸起处可能对预防压疮有帮助,但一项系统性综述强调目前实验得出的证据依然有限。[28]Moore ZE, Cowman S. Risk assessment tools for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD006471.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006471.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24497383?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑到影响压疮形成的诸多因素,对压疮的预防需要整个团队的努力。 要想成功执行预防规划,通常需要多学科治疗小组的参与,挑选一系列的最佳实践并尝试着将这些实践最大化地落实在自己的小组中。[45]Sullivan N, Schoelles KM. Preventing in-facility pressure ulcers as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:410-416.http://annals.org/aim/article/1657885/preventing-facility-pressure-ulcers-patient-safety-strategy-systematic-reviewhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460098?tool=bestpractice.comAHRQ: preventing pressure ulcers in hospitals: a toolkit for improving quality of care 这种综合处理的要点包括标准化的干预和记录、指定“皮肤专家”、审查和反馈制度的运用以及医护人员的再教育。