治疗目的是缓解 PMS 或 PMDD 妇女在黄体期的症状,改善生活质量,减轻痛苦。[28]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of premenstrual syndrome (Green-top guideline no. 48). December 2007. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 22 March 2016).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gt48managementpremensturalsyndrome.pdf
生活方式调整
建议所有患者调整生活方式,单用就可能有效解决与月经周期相关的较轻症状。此类干预措施包括运动、放松和认知行为治疗。[29]Lustyk MK, Gerrish WG, Shaver S, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2009;12:85-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247573?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Thangaratinam S, Ismail K, O'Brien S. Evidence-based management of premenstrual syndrome. Eur Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;2:65-71.
药物方法
当单独调整生活方式对症状无效时,用两种主要方法。[30]Thangaratinam S, Ismail K, O'Brien S. Evidence-based management of premenstrual syndrome. Eur Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;2:65-71.[31]Steiner M, Pearlstein T, Cohen LS, et al. Expert guidelines for the treatment of severe PMS, PMDD, and comorbidities: the role of SSRIs. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006;15:57-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417420?tool=bestpractice.com
口服避孕药、GnRH 激动剂实施药物性卵巢切除、或手术卵巢切除(对于重度顽固病例)联合或不联合子宫切除,可以抑制排卵。关于雌二醇的证据有限。[32]Smith RN, Studd JW, Zamblera D, et al. A randomised comparison over 8 months of 100 micrograms and 200 micrograms twice weekly doses of transdermal oestradiol in the treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102:475-484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7632640?tool=bestpractice.com没有高质量证据表明孕酮可有效治疗 PMDD,也没有高质量证据证明其无效。[33]Ford O, Lethaby A, Roberts H, et al. Progesterone for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(3):CD003415.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003415.pub4/abstract;jsessionid=E89C7442EEEADDF9CF219B84CCD3A915.d03t03http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419287?tool=bestpractice.com
用于调节神经递质的非激素性药物疗法包括:治疗行为症状的选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, SSRI)[34]Brown J, O'Brien PM, Marjoribanks J, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD001396.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001396/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370564?tool=bestpractice.com和抗焦虑药,以及治疗躯体症状的前列腺素抑制剂。30% 至 40% 的 PMS 和经前期焦虑障碍 (PMDD) 妇女在多个月经周期用 SSRI 后没有应答。[34]Brown J, O'Brien PM, Marjoribanks J, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD001396.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001396/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370564?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Dimmock PW, Wyatt KM, Jones PW, et al. Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. Lancet. 2000;356:1131-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030291?tool=bestpractice.com如无应答,可以尝试另一种 SSRI。间歇治疗可以改为持续治疗,或反之。停止 SSRI 治疗可能是由于不良反应。可以尝试使用钙或抗焦虑药加强 SSRI 治疗。
没有开展严格的试验充分评估黄体期螺内酯对心境和躯体症状的影响。
治疗的调整
应该针对患者存在的主要症状调整治疗。有些治疗更适合躯体症状,有些更适合行为症状。联合治疗可以用于混合症状。
以躯体症状为主
如果同时有避孕需要,口服避孕药很方便,有可能改善乳房疼痛和腹胀,但不能改善心境。建议使用雌激素和孕激素复方口服避孕药治疗 PMS 和 PMDD。然而,复方口服避孕药对 PMS 和 PMDD 症状的有效性研究有限。一项系统评价发现,有证据表明屈螺酮的复方口服避孕药 (combined oral contraceptive, COC) 可能有助于治疗 PMDD 女性的经前期症状,[36]Lopez LM, Kaptein AA, Helmerhorst FM. Oral contraceptives containing drospirenone for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD006586.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006586/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22336820?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In women with premenstrual dysphoric syndrome, how do oral contraceptives containing drospirenone affect outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.376/full显示答案 但其他一些研究显示,含有屈螺酮的 COC 服用者发生非致命性特发性静脉血栓栓塞的风险是含左炔诺孕酮制剂服用者的大约 2-3 倍。[37]Parkin L, Sharples K, Hernandez RK, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ. 2011;342:d2139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081041/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21511804?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Jick SS, Hernandez RK. Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel: case-control study using United States claims data. BMJ. 2011;342:d2151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081040/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21511805?tool=bestpractice.com使用某些制剂,并且无药间期较短或者没有,可抑制 PMS/PMDD 症状。[39]Halbreich U, Freeman EW, Rapkin AJ, et al. Continuous oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol for treating premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Contraception. 2012;85:19-27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22067793?tool=bestpractice.com
非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 可有效缓解躯体症状,也可能对心境产生有益影响。
以行为症状为主和 PMDD
已经表明,SSRI[34]Brown J, O'Brien PM, Marjoribanks J, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD001396.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001396/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370564?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Dimmock PW, Wyatt KM, Jones PW, et al. Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. Lancet. 2000;356:1131-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030291?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In women with premenstrual syndrome, what are the benefits and harms of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.483/full显示答案 持续用药或仅在黄体期用药在缓解症状方面的效果相同,被认为是中至重度 PMS 或 PMDD 患者的一线治疗选择。[31]Steiner M, Pearlstein T, Cohen LS, et al. Expert guidelines for the treatment of severe PMS, PMDD, and comorbidities: the role of SSRIs. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006;15:57-69.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417420?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Freeman EW, Rickels K, Sondheimer SJ, et al. Continuous or intermittent dosing with sertraline for patients with severe premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:343-351.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=176641http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754784?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Ismail KM, et al. The effectiveness of GnRHa with and without 'add-back' therapy in treating premenstrual syndrome: a meta analysis. BJOG. 2004;111:585-593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15198787?tool=bestpractice.com抗焦虑药(例如阿普唑仑)可作为行为症状的二线治疗药物。
难治性症状
GnRH 激动剂可下调促性腺激素受体,抑制卵巢功能。可同时控制躯体和行为症状。超过 6 个月的较长期治疗,建议使用“反向添加”的激素替代治疗,以便减少卵巢抑制的不良反应,例如骨质疏松症。[41]Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Ismail KM, et al. The effectiveness of GnRHa with and without 'add-back' therapy in treating premenstrual syndrome: a meta analysis. BJOG. 2004;111:585-593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15198787?tool=bestpractice.com
抗焦虑药,例如阿普唑仑,可作为难治性行为症状的二线药物。
手术性卵巢切除术适用于难治性 PMS 或 PMDD 症状。[24]Cronje WH, Vashisht A, Studd JW. Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe premenstrual syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:2152-2155.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/9/2152.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15229203?tool=bestpractice.com
饮食、补充和替代方法
曾经使用过补充和替代方法,但是因为没有开展过随机临床试验对其进行充分评估,所以无法确定推荐。
某些小剂量维生素 B 可能有用:评估证明,食物源性(而不是来自膳食补充剂)硫胺和核黄素摄入量高的妇女,PMS 的风险显著较低。没有观察到 PMS 发生率与烟酸、维生素 B6、叶酸或维生素 B12 的膳食摄入量之间存在显著关联。类似地,膳食补充剂中的维生素 B 摄入量与 PMS 低风险之间也没有关联。需要开展进一步研究,以便评估维生素 B 在 PMS 发生中的作用。[18]Chocano-Bedoya PO, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, et al. Dietary B vitamin
intake and incident premenstrual syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:1080-1086.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21346091?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价发现,草药、维生素和矿物质中,只有钙有充分证据,支持其用于治疗 PMS。[42]Jing Z, Yang X, Ismail KM, et al. Chinese herbal medicine for premenstrual syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD006414.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006414/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160284?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Whelan AM, Jurgens TM, Naylor H. Herbs, vitamins and minerals in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;16:e407-e429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19923637?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Dante G, Facchinetti F. Herbal treatments for alleviating premenstrual symptoms: a systematic review. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;32:42-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21171936?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Shehata NA. Calcium versus oral contraceptive pills containing drospirenone for the treatment of mild to moderate premenstrual syndrome: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;198:100-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26808666?tool=bestpractice.com迄今为止,草药在缓解 PMS 症状方面,各研究间结果不一致,需要进一步研究,评估单药和联合给药方案。
对于其他治疗(例如反射疗法[46]Ernst E, Posadzki P, Lee MS. Reflexology: an update of a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Maturitas. 2011;68:116-120.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111551?tool=bestpractice.com和亮光疗法),尚未在严谨的试验中进行充分评估。系统评价显示,针灸对 PMS 没有帮助。[47]Kim SY, Park HJ, Lee H, et al. Acupuncture for premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BJOG. 2011;118:899-915.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.02994.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21609380?tool=bestpractice.com