百分之九十的鼻出血是由鼻中隔前部 Little 区的血管出血引起的。此部位融合了众多来自鼻腔不同部位的血管,称为克氏静脉丛。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 显示血管形成克氏静脉丛的鼻腔血管结构摘自 David A. Randall 主编的《Springfield 耳鼻咽喉和面部整形术》 [Citation ends].
后部鼻出血起自后部鼻腔或鼻咽部。[3]Santos P, Lepore M. Epistaxis. In: Bailey B, Healy G, Johnson J, et al., eds. Head & neck surgery-otolaryngology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001:415-428.[4]Massick D, Tobin E. Epistaxis. In: Cummings C, Flint P, Harker L, et al., eds. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:942-961.
血管可能因以下原因出血:
肿瘤是非典型的鼻出血原因,如果肿瘤位于副鼻窦,则鼻出血的病因往往难以查明,包括:
鼻窦肿瘤:与暴露于木粉尘和某些化学物质有关
青少年鼻腔血管纤维瘤:一种见于年轻男性的罕见鼻咽肿瘤,可能会引起大量的鼻后部出血。[6]Davis KR. Embolization of epistaxis and juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148:209-218.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.148.1.209http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3024474?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Pryor SG, Moore EJ, Kasperbauer JL. Endoscopic versus traditional approaches for excision of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1201-1207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15995507?tool=bestpractice.com
鼻出血成人通常血压升高,但难以判定高血压是诱发因素还是焦虑诱发血压升高。对此尚缺乏结论性的证据。[8]Viducich R, Blanda MP, Gerson LW. Posterior epistaxis: clinical features and acute complications. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:592-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7741333?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Charles R, Corrigan E. Epistaxis and hypertension. Postgrad Med J. 1977;53:260-261.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=876933http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/876933?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Ibrashi F, Sabri N, Eldawi M, et al. Effect of atherosclerosis and hypertension on arterial epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol. 1978;92:877-881.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/712220?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Lubianca-Neto JF, Bredemeier M, Carvalhal EF, et al. A study of the association between epistaxis and the severity of hypertension. Am J Rhinol. 1998;12:269-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9740920?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Herkner H, Havel C, Müllner M, et al. Active epistaxis at ED presentation is associated with arterial hypertension. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:92-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880870?tool=bestpractice.com
对于是否由于继发于高血压的动脉粥样硬化增加了血管脆性存在争论。由于血压升高会影响手术术中止血,因此可以合理地推断出其同样会延长和恶化活动性鼻出血。[8]Viducich R, Blanda MP, Gerson LW. Posterior epistaxis: clinical features and acute complications. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:592-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7741333?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Charles R, Corrigan E. Epistaxis and hypertension. Postgrad Med J. 1977;53:260-261.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=876933http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/876933?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Ibrashi F, Sabri N, Eldawi M, et al. Effect of atherosclerosis and hypertension on arterial epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol. 1978;92:877-881.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/712220?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Lubianca-Neto JF, Bredemeier M, Carvalhal EF, et al. A study of the association between epistaxis and the severity of hypertension. Am J Rhinol. 1998;12:269-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9740920?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Herkner H, Havel C, Müllner M, et al. Active epistaxis at ED presentation is associated with arterial hypertension. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:92-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880870?tool=bestpractice.com