鼻出血

Tan L, Calhoun K. Epistaxis. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:43-56.

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Perretta L, Denslow B, Brown C. Emergency evaluation and management of epistaxis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1987;5:265-277.

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Santos P, Lepore M. Epistaxis. In: Bailey B, Healy G, Johnson J, et al., eds. Head & neck surgery-otolaryngology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001:415-428.

Massick D, Tobin E. Epistaxis. In: Cummings C, Flint P, Harker L, et al., eds. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:942-961.

Pond F, Sizeland A. Epistaxis: strategies for management. Aust Fam Physician. 2000;29:933-938.

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Randall DA. Epistaxis packing. Practical pointers for nosebleed control. Postgrad Med. 2006;119:77-82.

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Ruddy J, Proops DW, Pearman K, et al. Management of epistaxis in children. Int J Paediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1991;21:139-142.

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1.  Tan L, Calhoun K. Epistaxis. Med Clin North Am. 1999;83:43-56.

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2.  Perretta L, Denslow B, Brown C. Emergency evaluation and management of epistaxis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1987;5:265-277.

• 摘要

3.  Santos P, Lepore M. Epistaxis. In: Bailey B, Healy G, Johnson J, et al., eds. Head & neck surgery-otolaryngology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001:415-428.

4.  Massick D, Tobin E. Epistaxis. In: Cummings C, Flint P, Harker L, et al., eds. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:942-961.

5.  Pond F, Sizeland A. Epistaxis: strategies for management. Aust Fam Physician. 2000;29:933-938.

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6.  Davis KR. Embolization of epistaxis and juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148:209-218.

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7.  Pryor SG, Moore EJ, Kasperbauer JL. Endoscopic versus traditional approaches for excision of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1201-1207.

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8.  Viducich R, Blanda MP, Gerson LW. Posterior epistaxis: clinical features and acute complications. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:592-596.

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9.  Charles R, Corrigan E. Epistaxis and hypertension. Postgrad Med J. 1977;53:260-261.

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10.  Ibrashi F, Sabri N, Eldawi M, et al. Effect of atherosclerosis and hypertension on arterial epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol. 1978;92:877-881.

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11.  Lubianca-Neto JF, Bredemeier M, Carvalhal EF, et al. A study of the association between epistaxis and the severity of hypertension. Am J Rhinol. 1998;12:269-272.

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12.  Herkner H, Havel C, Müllner M, et al. Active epistaxis at ED presentation is associated with arterial hypertension. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:92-95.

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13.  Soyka MB, Rufibach K, Huber A, et al. Is severe epistaxis associated with acetylsalicylic acid intake? Laryngoscope. 2010;120:200-207.

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14.  Reibez EE, Bryan DJ, Ehrlichman RJ, et al. Surgical management of life threatening epistaxis in Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;35:208-213.

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15.  Lund VJ, Howard DJ. A treatment algorithm for the management of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias. Am J Rhinol. 1999;13:319-322.

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16.  Javed F, Golagani A, Sharp H, et al. Potential effects of herbal medicines and nutritional supplements on coagulation in ENT practice. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122:116-119.

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17.  Randall DA. Epistaxis packing. Practical pointers for nosebleed control. Postgrad Med. 2006;119:77-82.

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18.  Qureishi A, Burton MJ. Interventions for recurrent idiopathic epistaxis (nosebleeds) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD004461.

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19.  Barr G. Silver nitrate cautery and epistaxis. Arch Emerg Med. 1989;6:233.

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20.  Upile T, Jerjes W, Sipaul F, et al. A change in UK epistaxis management. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;265:1349-1354.

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21.  Zahed R, Moharamzadeh P, Alizadeharasi S, et al. A new and rapid method for epistaxis treatment using injectable form of tranexamic acid topically: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:1389-1392.

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22.  Mabry R. Management of epistaxis by packing. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986;94:401-403.

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23.  Morris HD, Doyle PJ, Riding KH, et al. The effects of posterior packing on pulmonary function in posterior epistaxis. Trans Sect Otolaryngol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1976;82:504-508.

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24.  Morganstein S. Surgical management of epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987;113:1338.

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25.  Moshaver A, Harris JR, Liu R, et al. Early operative intervention versus conventional treatment in epistaxis: randomized prospective trial. J Otolaryngol. 2004;33:185-188.

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26.  Durr DG. Endoscopic electrosurgical management of posterior epistaxis: shifting paradigm. J Otolaryngol. 2004;33:211-216.

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27.  Stankiewicz J. Nasal endoscopy and control of epistaxis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12:43-45.

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28.  Kumar S, Shetty A, Rockey J, et al. Contemporary surgical treatment of epistaxis: what is the evidence for sphenopalatine artery ligation? Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2003;28:360-363.

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29.  Strong E, Bell D, Johnson L, et al. Intractable epistaxis: transantral ligation vs embolization: efficacy review and cost analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;113:674-678.

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30.  Christensen N, Smith D, Barnwell S, et al. Arterial embolization in the management of posterior epistaxis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133:748-753.

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31.  Douglas R, Wormald PJ. Update on epistaxis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;15:180-183.

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32.  Scaramuzzi N, Walsh R, Brennan P, et al. Treatment of intractable epistaxis using arterial embolization. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2001;26:307-309.

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33.  Loughran S, Spinou E, Clement E, et al. A prospective, single blind, randomised controlled trial of petroleum jelly/Vaseline for recurrent paediatric epistaxis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2004;29:266-269.

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34.  Calder N, Kang S, Fraser L, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of management of recurrent nosebleeds in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140:670-674.

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35.  Zohar Y, Straus M. Epistaxis due to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Laryngoscope. 1995;105:445-446.

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36.  Ruddy J, Proops DW, Pearman K, et al. Management of epistaxis in children. Int J Paediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1991;21:139-142.

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