认知行为治疗(CBT)是神经性暴食症的最佳初始治疗,但可能无法获得。选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)或5-羟色胺去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRIs)也可以用来辅助CBT,或当CBT不可用时作为一种替代治疗。人际心理治疗(Interpersonal psychotherapy, IPT)和辩证行为治疗(dialectical behavioural therapy, DBT)也可以作为初始治疗,虽然目前很少证据支持其有效性。精神分析疗法也是有效的,但随机试验报道,CBT疗效更好。[77]Poulsen S, Lunn S, Daniel SI, et al. A randomized controlled trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:109-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24275909?tool=bestpractice.com对于共病精神障碍,如抑郁症(MDD)和强迫性障碍(OCD)的治疗,对于优化神经性暴食症康复的机会十分重要。SSRI类药物是治疗共病精神障碍的有效辅助治疗。
应该评估患者的自杀风险,糖尿病风险及其他躯体症状(如意识丧失,晕厥和癫痫发作)。出现了这些并发症则提示该患者需要紧急转诊至专科医生。酒精或其他物质滥用,边缘性人格障碍,或持续的自残行为也表明应立即转诊至专业精神或心理咨询专科的需要。其他的情况则可以在门诊继续治疗。[78]Brewerton TD, Costin C. Long-term outcome of residential treatment for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eat Disord. 2011;19:132-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21360364?tool=bestpractice.com使用远程医疗的治疗可能是有用的。
特定的心理和药物治疗
CBT
这是神经性暴食症的首要治疗。
一项Cochrane综述对CBT治疗贪食症有效性的证据进行研究。结论是,尽管有证据支持CBT的使用,但其试验的质量不稳定,样本量较小。[79]Hay PP, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, et al. Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binging. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD000562.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000562.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821271?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Katzman MA, Bara-Carril N, Rabe-Hesketh S, et al. A randomized controlled two-stage trial in the treatment of bulimia nervosa, comparing CBT versus motivational enhancement in Phase 1 followed by group versus individual CBT in Phase 2. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:656-663.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20668284?tool=bestpractice.com
基于邮件指导的CBT与个体化治疗相结合是有效的。[81]Sánchez-Ortiz VC, Munro C, Startup H, et al. The role of email guidance in internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-care treatment for bulimia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19:342-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394832?tool=bestpractice.com
IPT和DBT
有证据表明IPT暴食发作减少:有中等质量的证据表明,与其他种族群体相比,在黑人神经性暴食症群体中,人际关系治疗比 CBT 对减少暴食发作更加有效。[63]Chui W, Safer DL, Bryson SW, et al. A comparison of ethnic groups in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Eat Behav. 2007; 8:485-491.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950937?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。和DBT是治疗神经性暴食症的有效方法。
其他类型的支持性治疗,包括自助团体贪食症状的改善:有质量不高的证据表明,自助型干预措施相对于对照组来说能增加获益。[82]Sysko R, Walsh BT. A critical evaluation of the efficacy of self-help interventions for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41:97-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17922533?tool=bestpractice.com有中等质量的证据表明,药物治疗或行为治疗相对于自助型干预来讲更加有效。[83]Shapiro JR, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, et al. Bulimia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:321-336.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370288?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Berkman ND, Bulik CM, Brownley KA, et al. Management of eating disorders. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2006:1-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17628126?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和CBT的网络使用。[81]Sánchez-Ortiz VC, Munro C, Startup H, et al. The role of email guidance in internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-care treatment for bulimia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19:342-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394832?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Shapiro JR, Bauer S, Andrews E, et al. Mobile therapy: use of text-messaging in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43:513-519.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19718672?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Carrard I, Fernandez-Aranda F, Lam T, et al. Evaluation of a guided internet self-treatment programme for bulimia nervosa in several European countries. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19:138-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20859989?tool=bestpractice.com最恰当的治疗取决于治疗的可使用性,患者与治疗师对于该诊疗的感觉舒适度和共病问题,例如人格障碍,这也是需要治疗的。
SSRI或者SNRI类药物
这在非孕期患者中是一种有用的辅助治疗,能够暂时性减少暴食及清除行为发生的频率。[87]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch: practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders, 3rd ed. August 2012. http://www.psychiatryonline.org/ (last accessed 7 June 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/eatingdisorders-watch.pdf在某些患者,例如共病抑郁发作,这些药物也可以用来作为辅助治疗。对于非孕期患者,在CBT不可用时,这些药物也是一种独立的可替代治疗手段。
用药时间取决于使用的原因。
怀孕的患者很少使用药物治疗。对于那些严重的和难治性的患者,因为相关风险的考虑,并且需要在精神科专家的指导下,由精神科医师裁定是否使用。
一般的方法和支持疗法
建立融洽的医患关系及提升患者的自尊
建立融洽的医患关系及提升患者的自尊是非常重要的。治疗师应鼓励患者理解目前的状况,并激励恢复正常进食行为。[87]American Psychiatric Association. Guideline watch: practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders, 3rd ed. August 2012. http://www.psychiatryonline.org/ (last accessed 7 June 2016).http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/eatingdisorders-watch.pdf对神经性暴食症患者友好和积极的态度是标准治疗。[88]Vanderlinden J, Kamphuis JH, Slagmolen C, et al. Be kind to your eating disorder patients: the impact of positive and negative feedback on the explicit and implicit self-esteem of female patients with eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord. 2009;14:e237-e242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20179413?tool=bestpractice.com
营养
患者应该由注册营养师(经验丰富的营养师)进行评估,他们通过回顾饮食史,与患者一起制定一个能够恢复正常的营养摄入计划,并跟进以确保能够维持患者的体重。这可以帮助提供营养信息和再次培训。
神经性暴食症患者的体重抑制程度,即当前和过去的最高体重之间的差异,并不能预测神经性暴食症的治疗结果。[89]Zunker C, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE, et al. Weight suppression as a predictor variable in treatment trials of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2011;44:727-730.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20957701?tool=bestpractice.com
其他类型的支持治疗
核心功能失调想法、态度、动机、冲突和感觉都应被处理。在选择治疗时应该考虑人格因素。[90]Rowe S, Jordan J, McIntosh V, et al. Dimensional measures of personality as a predictor of outcome at 5-year follow-up in women with bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185:414-420.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20692708?tool=bestpractice.com
家庭支持也应该被列入考虑范围。对神经性暴食症青少年患者来说,家庭治疗可能是有效的。[91]le Grange D, Crosby RD, Rathouz PJ, et al. A randomized controlled comparison of family-based treatment and supportive psychotherapy for adolescent bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:1049-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17768270?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Rutherford L, Couturier J. A review of psychotherapeutic interventions for children and adolescents with eating disorders. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16:153-157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18392166?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Munoz DJ, Israel AC, Anderson DA. The relationship of family stability and family mealtime frequency with bulimia symptomatology. Eat Disord. 2007;15:261-271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520457?tool=bestpractice.com
其他类型的支持性治疗,包括自助团体贪食症状的改善:有质量不高的证据表明,自助型干预措施相对于对照组来说能增加获益。[82]Sysko R, Walsh BT. A critical evaluation of the efficacy of self-help interventions for the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41:97-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17922533?tool=bestpractice.com有中等质量的证据表明,药物治疗或行为治疗相对于自助型干预来讲更加有效。[83]Shapiro JR, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, et al. Bulimia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:321-336.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370288?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Berkman ND, Bulik CM, Brownley KA, et al. Management of eating disorders. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2006:1-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17628126?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和CBT的网络使用。[81]Sánchez-Ortiz VC, Munro C, Startup H, et al. The role of email guidance in internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-care treatment for bulimia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19:342-348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394832?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Shapiro JR, Bauer S, Andrews E, et al. Mobile therapy: use of text-messaging in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43:513-519.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19718672?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Carrard I, Fernandez-Aranda F, Lam T, et al. Evaluation of a guided internet self-treatment programme for bulimia nervosa in several European countries. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2011;19:138-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20859989?tool=bestpractice.com
对于共病精神障碍,如抑郁症(MDD)和强迫性障碍(OCD)的治疗,可能会优化神经性暴食症的康复机会。
糖尿病患者
患有神经性暴食症的糖尿病患者,可能会出现血糖的显著波动,这会造成糖尿病血管并发症的快速进展。住院治疗可能是必要的。为了更好地控制血糖,推荐转诊至内分泌科专家处。另外,大便失禁(由糖尿病自主神经病变导致)可能会成为神经性暴食症患者巨大耻感的一个来源。原因及补救措施需要被调查,否则患者则会变得退缩。
怀孕
推荐将妊娠患者视为高危妊娠进行随访评估。因此,建议转诊至妇产科及精神科专家处。在营养摄入正常,避免使用不恰当的药物及情绪障碍得到治疗的情况下,妊娠的结局可能是乐观的。[94]Micali N, Simonoff E, Treasure J. Risk of major adverse perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:255-259.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/190/3/255http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17329747?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Morgan JF, Lacey JH, Chung E. Risk of postnatal depression, miscarriage, and preterm birth in bulimia nervosa: retrospective controlled study. Psychosom Med. 2006;68:487-492.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738083?tool=bestpractice.com怀孕的患者很少使用药物治疗。对于那些严重的和难治性的患者,因为相关风险的考虑,并且需要在精神科专家的指导下,由精神科医师裁定是否使用。在怀孕期间,应向营养师咨询关于如何准备提高热量摄入及相关的体重增加及水肿的问题。在怀孕期间,适当的营养对于胎儿的发育是必要的。母亲通常能够戒掉暴食及清除。维生素及矿物质的缺乏应当在确定怀孕时就被纠正。怀孕的患者也需要进行密切胎儿监护。