预防哮喘急性发作的最好方法是,吸入性皮质类固醇 (inhaled corticosteroid, ICS) 和白三烯受体拮抗剂治疗联合以下治疗:[23]Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Singh Mann A, et al. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 16;3:CD010347.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010347.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301050?tool=bestpractice.com 联合处理可控危险因素(例如避免已知的哮喘触发因素 [例如变应原和吸烟])、治疗共病(例如肥胖和焦虑)以及迅速治疗细菌性呼吸道感染。附加药物治疗(最常用的是长效支气管舒张剂)不仅可以改善哮喘控制,还可以减少哮喘加重。[24]FitzGerald J M, Gibson PG. Asthma exacerbations. 4: Prevention. Thorax. 2006:61:992-999.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17071835?tool=bestpractice.com
对于每天使用吸入性皮质类固醇 (ICS) 但哮喘控制仍不理想的成人持续性哮喘患者,与单独使用相同剂量的 ICS 相比,加用抗白三烯药物有助于减少中度和重度哮喘急性发作,并改善肺功能和哮喘控制。不过,目前的证据并不支持将抗白三烯药物作为 ICS 助减药物。[23]Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Singh Mann A, et al. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids for adults and adolescents with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 16;3:CD010347.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010347.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301050?tool=bestpractice.com
应大力鼓励使用哮喘行动计划。[25]Ring N, Malcolm C, Wyke S, et al. Promoting the use of Personal Asthma Action Plans: a systematic review. Prim Care Respir J. 2007;16:271-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0024049/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17710351?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2017. [internet publication]http://ginasthma.org/2017-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
国际指南还建议治疗可以改善的危险因素和共病(例如吸烟、肥胖、焦虑),并适时给予关于非药物疗法与策略的建议(例如体育锻炼、减轻体重和避免触发因素)。[22]Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2017. [internet publication]http://ginasthma.org/2017-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/ 指南还建议经常检查吸入器使用技术和依从性。[22]Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2017. [internet publication]http://ginasthma.org/2017-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
低质量证据表明,补充维生素 D 可能会降低哮喘急性发作的发生率。必须有更多高质量证据才能提出明确的临床建议。[26]Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med. 2017 Nov;5(11):881-890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28986128?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Martineau AR, Cates CJ, Urashima M, et al. Vitamin D for the management of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD0030002016 Sep 5;9:CD011511.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011511.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27595415?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2017. [internet publication]http://ginasthma.org/2017-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
成人哮喘患者在感染流感病毒后出现并发症的风险很高,然而大多数患有哮喘的成人没有每年接种流感疫苗。根据一项分析,在所有成人哮喘患者中,只有 1/3 的患者每年接种流感疫苗,在 50 岁以下的成人哮喘患者中,则只有 1/5 的患者每年接种流感疫苗。[28]Ford ES, Mannino DM, Williams SG. Asthma and influenza vaccination: findings from the 1999-2001 National Health Interview Surveys. Chest. 2003;124:783-789.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12969998?tool=bestpractice.com 对于所有哮喘患者,建议每年都接种季节性流感和 H1N1 疫苗。减轻体重可改善肥胖患者的哮喘结局。[29]Moreira A, Bonini M, Garcia-Larsen V, et al. Weight loss interventions in asthma: EAACI evidence-based clinical practice guideline (part I). Allergy. 2013;68:425-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23452010?tool=bestpractice.com