治疗已有 Barrett 食管的目的是减少胃酸反流至食管,从而控制症状。然而,迄今为止,尚未证明任何旨在减少胃食管反流的治疗可以降低与 Barrett 食管相关的食管腺癌风险。
无异型增生性 Barrett 食管
使用质子泵抑制剂治疗和监测:质子泵抑制剂抑酸治疗的目的是减少远端食管的酸暴露。尽管大多数药物被设计成每日一次给药,但可以将治疗增加到每日两次,以避免由于氢离子浓度的原因导致管腔内 pH 值降到 4 以下。然而,美国胃肠病学会的指南强调,不应常规使用每日两次质子泵抑制剂治疗,除非有必要控制 GORD 症状或治愈食管炎。[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com
抗反流手术:当由有经验的外科医生实施时,抗反流外科干预(例如腹腔镜 Nissen 胃底折叠术),可以使 90% 以上患者的胃酸和胆汁反流消除。从反流相关症状的角度来看,这些患者可以停止服用药物。[51]Oelschlager BK, Barreca M, Chang L, et al. Clinical and pathologic response of Barrett's esophagus to laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Ann Surg. 2003;238:458-464.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14530718?tool=bestpractice.com
没有确切的证据证明任何一种方法的优越性,因而治疗的选择需要个体化。决策制定涉及的因素包括:[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com
由于无异型增生性 Barrett 食管进展为异型增生和腺癌的风险低,指南不推荐常规使用内镜治疗(例如,射频消融 [radiofrequency ablation, RFA])来根除该疾病。[1]Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, Ragunath K, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2014;63:7-42.http://gut.bmj.com/content/63/1/7.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165758?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy. 2017;49:191-198.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-122140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122386?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,如果将消融视为非异型增生性 Barrett 食管的辅助治疗,则必须采用基于风险的方法来选择具有较高风险的候选患者:50 岁以上的白人男性,有食管腺癌家族史,以及 Barrett 食管段较长。[1]Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, Ragunath K, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2014;63:7-42.http://gut.bmj.com/content/63/1/7.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165758?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy. 2017;49:191-198.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-122140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122386?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com
Barrett 食管伴轻度异型增生
异型增生是 Barrett 食管患癌风险的一个重要预测指标,但在其判读方面,观察者之间存在相当大的差异。任何程度的异型增生(或不确定是否为异型增生)的诊断均需要由经验丰富的胃肠道病理学家确认。
对于非结节性或扁平轻度异型增生,应采用内镜根除治疗(例如 RFA 治疗)。[52]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Barrett's oesophagus: ablative therapy. August 2010. http://guidance.nice.org.uk (last accessed 18 July 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg106
在对 Barrett 食管患者进行内镜评估发现黏膜结节时,内镜下黏膜切除术 (endoscopic mucosal resection, EMR) 是最佳的诊断与治疗技术。[53]Mino-Kenudson M, Hull MJ, Brown I, et al. EMR for Barrett's esophagus-related superficial neoplasms offers better diagnostic reproducibility than mucosal biopsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:660-666; quiz 767, 769.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17905005?tool=bestpractice.com
对切除的样本进行组织学评估将指导进一步的监测或治疗方案:如果在切除的样本上未发现异型增生,应继续实施监测方案,或者使用 RFA 等技术对所有剩余的 Barrett 化生上皮实施内镜下完全根除。[1]Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, Ragunath K, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2014;63:7-42.http://gut.bmj.com/content/63/1/7.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165758?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy. 2017;49:191-198.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-122140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122386?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com
一项随机试验显示,对轻度异型增生进行消融,可以降低其进展为腺癌的发生率。[54]Phoa KN, van Vilsteren FG, Weusten BL, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs endoscopic surveillance for patients with Barrett esophagus and low-grade dysplasia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311:1209-1217.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1849991http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24668102?tool=bestpractice.com
Barrett 食管伴高度异型增生
高度异型增生的发现提示隐匿性腺癌的风险为 20%-40%。[1]Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, Ragunath K, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2014;63:7-42.http://gut.bmj.com/content/63/1/7.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165758?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Tseng EE, Wu TT, Yeo CJ, et al. Barrett's esophagus with high grade dysplasia: surgical results and long-term outcome - an update. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:164-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12600440?tool=bestpractice.com如果证实是高度异型增生,有许多可能的治疗选择。
当在内镜评估期间发现黏膜结节时,应实施内镜下黏膜切除术 (EMR)。[1]Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, Ragunath K, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2014;63:7-42.http://gut.bmj.com/content/63/1/7.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24165758?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Weusten B, Bisschops R, Coron E, et al. Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) position statement. Endoscopy. 2017;49:191-198.https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0042-122140http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28122386?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:30-50;quiz 51.https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v111/n1/full/ajg2015322a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26526079?tool=bestpractice.com
EMR 是结节性高度异型增生的一种有效治疗方法,因为它可以完全切除异型增生区域,获得阴性切缘。[56]Ell C, May A, Gossner L, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection of early cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:670-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10734018?tool=bestpractice.com
内镜黏膜下剥离术是另一种高度有效的技术,可提供具有更宽侧缘、部位更深的样本,但只能在专科中心实施。对于有结节性异型增生病变的患者,随后应根除所有剩余的 Barrett 化生上皮。
对于非结节性或扁平高度异型增生,应采用内镜根除治疗。在此类疗法中,RFA 的有效性和安全性得到了强有力的数据支持,其中包括一项多中心、假手术对照、随机临床试验的结果,该结果显示接受该技术治疗的患者中,81% 患者的异型增生上皮被完全根除。该技术也具有非常良好的安全性。[57]Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2277-2288.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808145#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19474425?tool=bestpractice.com
食管切除术是一种确定性治疗选择,通过该方法可发现任何隐匿性恶性肿瘤。[58]Rice TW, Sontag SJ. Debate: esophagectomy is the treatment of choice for high grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2177-2184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17032178?tool=bestpractice.com然而,这种干预措施会导致显著的手术相关死亡率和长期并发症发生率。[59]Gilbert S, Jobe BA. Surgical therapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia and early esophageal carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2009;18:523-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19500741?tool=bestpractice.com