恶性肿瘤的监测
除了治疗胃食管反流病的症状,Barrett 食管患者的主要问题是解决发展为腺癌的风险。通常建议患者接受定期内镜监测,但是一项大型人群研究显示,Barrett 食管患者的恶性进展风险比之前报道的要低,因而关于上述建议,目前仍存在争议。[70]Bhat S, Coleman HG, Yousef F, et al. Risk of malignant progression in Barrett's esophagus patients: results from a large population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:1049-1057.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3632011/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680910?tool=bestpractice.com建议的监测时间间隔如下:对于最大受累长度<3 cm 的无异型增生性 Barrett 食管,每 5 年监测一次;对于最大受累长度>3 cm 的无异型增生性 Barrett 食管,每 3 年监测一次。[52]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Barrett's oesophagus: ablative therapy. August 2010. http://guidance.nice.org.uk (last accessed 18 July 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg106如果发现癌症,则需要实施食管切除术。一般而言,经 Barrett 食管筛查发现的食管腺癌为早期病变,预后良好(5 年生存率>85%)。关于监测、试验性消融术或抗反流手术,尚没有共识。因此,监测应同接受保守治疗患者的一样。
质子泵抑制剂治疗及向恶性肿瘤进展
即使采用积极的抑酸治疗,使用质子泵抑制剂也不会使 Barrett 食管逆转,腺癌的年进展率约为 0.25%-0.4%。[71]Sharma P, Falk GW, Weston AP, et al. Dysplasia and cancer in a large multicenter cohort of patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:566-572.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630761?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Cooper BT, Chapman W, Neumann CS, et al. Continuous treatment of Barrett's oesophagus patients with proton pump inhibitor up to 13 years: observations on regression and cancer incidence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:727-733.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556174?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Vieth M, Schubert B, Lang-Schwarz K, et al. Frequency of Barrett's neoplasia after initial negative endoscopy with biopsy: a long-term histopathological follow-up study. Endoscopy. 2006;38:1201-1205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163319?tool=bestpractice.com
抗反流手术及向恶性肿瘤进展
有报道指出,仅实施抗反流手术可使超过 25% 的患者出现 Barrett 食管逆转,并且实施该手术可降低进展至腺癌的风险。[74]Gurski RR, Peters JH, Hagen JA, et al. Barrett's esophagus can and does regress after antireflux surgery: A study of prevalence and predictive features. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;196:706-712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742201?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Bowers SP, Mattar SG, Smith CD, et al. Clinical and histologic follow-up after antireflux surgery for Barrett's esophagus. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;6:532-538.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12127118?tool=bestpractice.com然而,证据是不一致的。其他研究显示,在并发胃食管反流的患者中,手术并不能减少向食管腺癌的进展。2001 年,瑞典一项以人群为基础的研究,比较了 35274 例接受药物治疗的男性患者与 6406 例接受胃底折叠术的男性患者,发现药物治疗组的腺癌相对危险度为 6.3(95% 置信区间 4.5-8.7),胃底折叠术组的为 14.1(95% 置信区间 8.0-22.8)。[76]Ye W, Chow WH, Lagergren J, et al. Risk of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux diseases and after antireflux surgery. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:1286-1293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729107?tool=bestpractice.com2010 年,同一研究组在对 14102 例已行抗反流手术的患者进行 120514 人-年随访后,更新了这些结果,指出与基线人群相比,腺癌的标准化发病率比为 12.3(95%置信区间 8.7-16.8)。然而,没有与未经手术治疗的胃食管反流病患者比较。[77]Lagergren J, Ye W, Lagergren P, et al. The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma after antireflux surgery. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:1297-1301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20080091?tool=bestpractice.com