确诊
根据治疗尝试、经验和体外研究来确定治疗方案。[49]Keinath RD, Merrell DE, Vlietstra R, et al. Antibiotic treatment and relapse in Whipple's disease: long-term follow-up of 88 patients. Gastroenterology. 1985;88:1867-1873.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2581843?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Boulos A, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in MRC5 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:747-752.http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/48/3/747http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14982759?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Boulos A, Rolain JM, Mallet MN, et al. Molecular evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in axenic medium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:178-181.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/55/2/178http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15650004?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Feurle GE, Marth T. An evaluation of antimicrobial treatment for Whipple's disease: tetracycline versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:1642-1648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7519538?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Feurle GE, Junga NS, Marth T. Efficacy of ceftriaxone or meropenem as initial therapies in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:478-486.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879276?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Feurle GE, Moos V, Bläker H, et al. Intravenous ceftriaxone, followed by 12 or three months of oral treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Whipple's disease. J Infect. 2013;66:263-270.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291038?tool=bestpractice.com四环素已被当作一线治疗药物,但因治疗后复发率很高,所以现在不建议使用它进行治疗。[49]Keinath RD, Merrell DE, Vlietstra R, et al. Antibiotic treatment and relapse in Whipple's disease: long-term follow-up of 88 patients. Gastroenterology. 1985;88:1867-1873.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2581843?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Feurle GE, Marth T. An evaluation of antimicrobial treatment for Whipple's disease: tetracycline versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:1642-1648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7519538?tool=bestpractice.com在一项前瞻性随机治疗试验中,在初始治疗中分别使用美罗培南或头孢曲松,随后改用连续使用甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑一年。[80]Feurle GE, Junga NS, Marth T. Efficacy of ceftriaxone or meropenem as initial therapies in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:478-486.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879276?tool=bestpractice.com这一试验显示,两种抗菌药物均有效,患者在3 年内没有复发。头孢曲松被选为标准初始治疗药物,因为与美罗培南相比,其只需每日给药一次,而后者需每日给药3 次。第二项前瞻性治疗试验证明口服甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑的非劣效性从 1 年缩短至 3 个月。[81]Feurle GE, Moos V, Bläker H, et al. Intravenous ceftriaxone, followed by 12 or three months of oral treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Whipple's disease. J Infect. 2013;66:263-270.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291038?tool=bestpractice.com但是,由于第二项试验未采用随机试验,证明强度较低(不是),标准治疗中仍推荐口服1 年。
目前,标准治疗方案推荐使用头孢曲松或苄基青霉素初始治疗两周,[12]Schneider T, Moos V, Loddenkemper C, et al. Whipple's disease: new aspects of pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:179-190.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18291339?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Boulos A, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in MRC5 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:747-752.http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/48/3/747http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14982759?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Boulos A, Rolain JM, Mallet MN, et al. Molecular evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in axenic medium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:178-181.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/55/2/178http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15650004?tool=bestpractice.com随后使用甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑维持治疗一年。
推荐使用甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑与肌肉注射链霉素联合用药作为标准初始治疗方案的替代方案。此方案亦可用于对青霉素过敏的患者。多西环素与羟氯喹联合用药可作为磺胺过敏患者的替代维持治疗方案。标准的联合用药治疗方案可用于有和没有累及中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的患者。
虽然初始治疗的标准推荐方案中需静脉注射头孢曲松,但对于无法耐受静脉注射治疗患者可采用口服疗法作为二线用药方案。口服疗法主要基于未公布的临床经验和体外研究结果,研究表明多西环素和羟氯喹联合用药是唯一有效的口服联合杀菌药物。[13]Fenollar F, Puechal X, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:55-66.[77]Boulos A, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in MRC5 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:747-752.http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/48/3/747http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14982759?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Boulos A, Rolain JM, Mallet MN, et al. Molecular evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in axenic medium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:178-181.http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/55/2/178http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15650004?tool=bestpractice.com在一个案例系列研究中,证明仅用口服药物进行治疗的方法是有效的。[82]Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Lepidi H, et al. Treatment of classic Whipple's disease: from in vitro results to clinical outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:219-227.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23946319?tool=bestpractice.com此外,此联合口服用药方案适用于对头孢曲松和青霉素或对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑过敏的患者。口服疗法应持续 1 年,或直到十二指肠活检组织中不再发现细菌的 DNA为止。
根据患者是否出现中枢神经系统 (CNS) 累及症状,口服用药治疗方案略有不同。如果患者无累及 CNS症状,则建议使用多西环素联合羟氯喹进行治疗。如果患者有CNS累及症状,除了多西环素和羟氯喹以外,还应使用甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑或磺胺嘧啶。
只要治疗充分,患者罕有复发现象。但是,少数患者对首次抗生素治疗无充分反应。如果T whipplei的临床体征或PCR检查持续阳性,则应修改抗生素治疗方案。但是,过碘酸-希夫 (PAS) 阳性的巨噬细胞会在 十二指肠黏膜内持续多年,这并不是疾病复发的表现。