Whipple 病

Whipple GH. A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1907;18:382-393.

Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, et al. Tropheryma whipplei twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome. Genome Res. 2003;13:1800-1809.

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Bentley SD, Maiwald M, Murphy LD, et al. Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Lancet. 2003;361:637-644.

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Schneider T, Moos V, Loddenkemper C, et al. Whipple's disease: new aspects of pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:179-190.

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Fenollar F, Puechal X, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:55-66.

Dobbins WO. Whipple's disease. Springfield, IL: Thomas; 1987.

Feurle GE, Moos V, Schinnerling K, et al. The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Whipple disease: a cohort study. Ann Int Med. 2010;153:710-717.

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Martinetti M, Biagi F, Badulli C, et al. The HLA alleles DRB1*13 and DQB1*06 are associated to Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:2289-2294.

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Relman DA, Schmidt TM, MacDermott RP, et al. Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:293-301.

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Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Lepidi H, et al. Failure and relapse after treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in classic Whipple's disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:2005-2012.

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1.  Whipple GH. A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1907;18:382-393.

2.  Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, et al. Tropheryma whipplei twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome. Genome Res. 2003;13:1800-1809.

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3.  Bentley SD, Maiwald M, Murphy LD, et al. Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Lancet. 2003;361:637-644.

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4.  Schoniger-Hekele M, Petermann D, Weber B, et al. Tropheryma whipplei in the environment: survey of sewage plant influxes and sewage plant workers. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:2033-2035.

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5.  Maiwald M, Schuhmacher F, Ditton HJ, et al. Environmental occurrence of the Whipple's disease bacterium (Tropheryma whippelii). Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64:760-762.

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6.  Fenollar F, Trani M, Davoust B, et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic Tropheryma whipplei carriage among humans and nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:880-887.

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7.  Ehrbar HU, Bauerfeind P, Dutly F, et al. PCR-positive tests for Tropheryma whippelii in patients without Whipple's disease. Lancet. 1999;353:2214.

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8.  Amsler L, Bauernfeind P, Nigg C, et al. Prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei DNA in patients with various gastrointestinal diseases and in healthy controls. Infection. 2003;31:81-85.

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9.  Maibach RC, Dutly F, Altwegg M. Detection of Tropheryma whipplei DNA in feces by PCR using a target capture method. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:2466-2471.

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10.  Zinkernagel AS, Gmur R, Fenner L, et al. Marginal and subgingival plaque: a natural habitat of Tropheryma whipplei? Infection. 2003;31:86-91.

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11.  Rolain JM, Fenollar F, Raoult D. False positive PCR detection of Tropheryma whipplei in the saliva of healthy people. BMC Microbiol. 2007;7:48.

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12.  Schneider T, Moos V, Loddenkemper C, et al. Whipple's disease: new aspects of pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:179-190.

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13.  Fenollar F, Puechal X, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:55-66.

14.  Dobbins WO 3rd. Is there an immune deficit in Whipple's disease? Dig Dis Sci. 1981;26:247-252.

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15.  Dobbins WO. Whipple's disease. Springfield, IL: Thomas; 1987.

16.  Gubler JG, Kuster M, Dutly F, et al. Whipple endocarditis without overt gastrointestinal disease: report of four cases. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:112-116.

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17.  Weber U, Morf MH, Gubler JG, et al. Spondylodiscitis as the first manifestation of Whipple's disease: a removal worker with chronic low back pain. Clin Rheumatol. 2003;22:443-446.

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18.  Pruss H, Katchanov J, Zschenderlein R, et al. A patient with cerebral Whipple disease with gastric involvement but no gastrointestinal symptoms: a consequence of local protective immunity? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:896-898.

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19.  Feurle GE, Moos V, Schinnerling K, et al. The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Whipple disease: a cohort study. Ann Int Med. 2010;153:710-717.

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20.  von Herbay A, Ditton HJ, Schuhmacher F, et al. Whipple's disease: staging and monitoring by cytology and polymerase chain reaction analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:434-441.

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21.  Martinetti M, Biagi F, Badulli C, et al. The HLA alleles DRB1*13 and DQB1*06 are associated to Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:2289-2294.

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22.  Marth T, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. Lancet. 2003;361:239-246.

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23.  Raoult D, Fenollar F, Rolain JM, et al. Tropheryma whipplei in children with gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:776-782.

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24.  Fenollar F, Trape JF, Bassene H, et al. Tropheryma whipplei in fecal samples from children, Senegal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:922-924.

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25.  Moos V, Kunkel D, Marth T, et al. Reduced peripheral and mucosal Tropheryma whipplei-specific Th1 response in patients with Whipple's disease. J Immunol. 2006;177:2015-2022.

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26.  Bonhomme CJ, Renesto P, Nandi S, et al. Serological microarray for a paradoxical diagnostic of Whipple's disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27:959-968.

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27.  Desnues B, Ihrig M, Raoult D, et al. Whipple's disease: a macrophage disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13:170-178.

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28.  Bai JC, Sen L, Diez R, et al. Impaired monocyte function in patients successfully treated for Whipple's disease. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 1996;26:85-89.

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29.  Lukacs G, Dobi S, Szabo M. A case of Whipple's disease with repeated operations for ileus and complete cure. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg). 1978;25:238-242.

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30.  Ghigo E, Capo C, Aurouze M, et al. Survival of Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple's disease, requires phagosome acidification. Infect Immun. 2002;70:1501-1506.

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31.  Marth T, Roux M, von Herbay A, et al. Persistent reduction of complement receptor 3 alpha-chain expressing mononuclear blood cells and transient inhibitory serum factors in Whipple's disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1994;72:217-226.

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32.  Ectors N, Geboes K, De Vos R, et al. Whipple's disease: a histological, immunocytochemical and electronmicroscopic study of the immune response in the small intestinal mucosa. Histopathology. 1992;21:1-12.

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33.  Kalt A, Schneider T, Ring S, et al. Decreased levels of interleukin-12p40 in the serum of patients with Whipple's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21:114-120.

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34.  Marth T, Neurath M, Cuccherini BA, et al. Defects of monocyte interleukin 12 production and humoral immunity in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:442-448.

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35.  Desnues B, Lepidi H, Raoult D, et al. Whipple disease: intestinal infiltrating cells exhibit a transcriptional pattern of M2/alternatively activated macrophages. J Infect Dis. 2005;192:1642-1646.

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36.  Moos V, Schmidt C, Geelhaar A, et al. Impaired immune functions of monocytes and macrophages in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:210-220.

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37.  Marth T, Kleen N, Stallmach A, et al. Dysregulated peripheral and mucosal Th1/Th2 response in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1468-1477.

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38.  Schoedon G, Goldenberger D, Forrer R, et al. Deactivation of macrophages with interleukin-4 is the key to the isolation of Tropheryma whippelii. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:672-677.

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39.  Friedmann AC, Perera GK, Jayaprakasam A, et al. Whipple's disease presenting with symmetrical panniculitis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:907-911.

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40.  Tarroch X, Vives P, Salas A, et al. Subcutaneous nodules in Whipple's disease. J Cutan Pathol. 2001;28:368-370.

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41.  Helliwell TR, Appleton RE, Mapstone NC, et al. Dermatomyositis and Whipple's disease. Neuromuscul Disord. 2000;10:46-51.

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42.  Kwee D, Fields JP, King LE Jr. Subcutaneous Whipple's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;16:188-190.

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43.  Cho C, Linscheer WG, Hirschkorn MA, et al. Sarcoidlike granulomas as an early manifestation of Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 1984;87:941-947.

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44.  Viteri AL, Stinson JC, Barnes MC, et al. Rod-shaped organism in the liver of a patient with Whipple's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1979;24:560-564.

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45.  Puget M, Iwaz J, Tristan A, et al. Whipple's disease with muscle impairment. Muscle Nerve. 2006;34:794-798.

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46.  Misbah SA, Stirzaker D, Ozols B, et al. Anonymous survey of blood donors by polymerase chain reaction for Tropheryma whippelii. QJM. 1999;92:61.

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47.  Mahnel R, Kalt A, Ring S, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in Whipple's disease patients is associated with the appearance of gastrointestinal manifestations. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1167-1173.

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48.  Louis ED, Lynch T, Kaufmann P, et al. Diagnostic guidelines in central nervous system Whipple's disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:561-568.

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49.  Keinath RD, Merrell DE, Vlietstra R, et al. Antibiotic treatment and relapse in Whipple's disease: long-term follow-up of 88 patients. Gastroenterology. 1985;88:1867-1873.

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50.  Durand DV, Lecomte C, Cathebras P, et al. Whipple disease: clinical review of 52 cases. The SNFMI Research Group on Whipple Disease. Societe Nationale Francaise de Medecine Interne. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76:170-184.

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51.  Gerard A, Sarrot-Reynauld F, Liozon E, et al. Neurologic presentation of Whipple disease: report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002;81:443-457.

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52.  Messori A, Di Bella P, Polonara G, et al. An unusual spinal presentation of Whipple disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:1004-1008.

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53.  Mendel E, Khoo LT, Go JL, et al. Intracerebral Whipple's disease diagnosed by stereotactic biopsy: a case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:203-209.

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54.  Feurle GE, Utz G, Kies D, et al. Neurological manifestations of Whipple's disease. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1976;106:1642-1646.

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55.  Feurle GE, Volk B, Waldherr R. Cerebral Whipple's disease with negative jejunal histology. N Engl J Med. 1979;300:907-908.

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56.  von Herbay A, Otto HF, Stolte M, et al. Epidemiology of Whipple's disease in Germany: analysis of 110 patients diagnosed in 1965-95. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:52-57.

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57.  Fenollar F, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2001;8:1-8.

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58.  Fenollar F, Raoult D. Molecular techniques in Whipple's disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2001;1:299-309.

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59.  Maiwald M, von Herbay A, Persing DH, et al. Tropheryma whippelii DNA is rare in the intestinal mucosa of patients without other evidence of Whipple disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:115-119.

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60.  Misbah SA, Mapstone NP. Whipple's disease revisited. J Clin Pathol. 2000;53:750-755.

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61.  Krober SM, Kaiserling E, Horny HP, et al. Primary diagnosis of Whipple's disease in bone marrow. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:522-525.

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62.  Walter R, Bachmann SP, Schaffner A, et al. Bone marrow involvement in Whipple's disease: rarely reported, but really rare? Br J Haematol. 2001;112:677-679.

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63.  Lepidi H, Fenollar F, Gerolami R, et al. Whipple's disease: immunospecific and quantitative immunohistochemical study of intestinal biopsy specimens. Hum Pathol. 2003;34:589-596.

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64.  Baisden BL, Lepidi H, Raoult D, et al. Diagnosis of Whipple disease by immunohistochemical analysis: a sensitive and specific method for the detection of Tropheryma whipplei (the Whipple bacillus) in paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;118:742-748.

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65.  Sinha S, Satishchandra P, Gayathri N, et al. Progressive myoclonic epilepsy: a clinical, electrophysiological and pathological study from South India. J Neurol Sci. 2007;252:16-23.

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66.  Giuffre B, Parini R, Rizzuti T, et al. Severe neonatal onset of glycogenosis type IV: clinical and laboratory findings leading to diagnosis in two siblings. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2004;27:609-619.

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67.  Kulczycki J, Collinge J, Lojkowska W, et al. Report on the first Polish case of the Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome. Folia Neuropathol. 2001;39:27-31.

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68.  Wilson KH, Blitchington R, Frothingham R, et al. Phylogeny of the Whipple's-disease-associated bacterium. Lancet. 1991;338:474-475.

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69.  Relman DA, Schmidt TM, MacDermott RP, et al. Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:293-301.

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70.  La Scola B, Fenollar F, Fournier PE, et al. Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001;51:1471-1479.

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71.  Fenollar F, Raoult D. Whipple's disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2003;5:379-385.

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72.  von Herbay A, Ditton HJ, Maiwald M. Diagnostic application of a polymerase chain reaction assay for the Whipple's disease bacterium to intestinal biopsies. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:1735-1743.

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73.  Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Raoult D, et al. Quantitative detection of Tropheryma whipplei DNA by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:1119-1120.

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74.  Ramzan NN, Loftus E Jr, Burgart LJ, et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of Whipple disease by polymerase chain reaction. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:520-527.

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75.  von Herbay A, Maiwald M, Ditton HJ, et al. Histology of intestinal Whipple's disease revisited: a study of 48 patients. Virchows Arch. 1996;429:335-343.

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76.  Kowalczewska M, Fenollar F, Lafitte D, et al. Identification of candidate antigen in Whipple's disease using a serological proteomic approach. Proteomics. 2006;6:3294-3305.

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77.  Boulos A, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in MRC5 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:747-752.

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78.  Boulos A, Rolain JM, Mallet MN, et al. Molecular evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in axenic medium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:178-181.

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79.  Feurle GE, Marth T. An evaluation of antimicrobial treatment for Whipple's disease: tetracycline versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:1642-1648.

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80.  Feurle GE, Junga NS, Marth T. Efficacy of ceftriaxone or meropenem as initial therapies in Whipple's disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:478-486.

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81.  Feurle GE, Moos V, Bläker H, et al. Intravenous ceftriaxone, followed by 12 or three months of oral treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Whipple's disease. J Infect. 2013;66:263-270.

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82.  Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Lepidi H, et al. Treatment of classic Whipple's disease: from in vitro results to clinical outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:219-227.

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83.  Fenollar F, Rolain JM, Alric L, et al. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and Tropheryma whipplei. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34:255-259.

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84.  Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Lepidi H, et al. Failure and relapse after treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in classic Whipple's disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:2005-2012.

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85.  Marumganti AR, Murphy TF. Whipple's disease: neurological relapse presenting as headache for two years. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23:2131-2133.

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86.  Garas G, Cheng WS, Abrugiato R, et al. Clinical relapse in Whipple's disease despite maintenance therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15:1223-1226.

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