钙化性肩袖肌腱病的超声治疗
一项随机、双盲研究评估了54例肩关节钙化性肌腱病患者的超声治疗,发现超声治疗有助于减少钙化,并可在短期内改善疼痛和提高生活质量。[112]Ebenbichler GR, Erdogmus CB, Resch KL, et al. Ultrasound therapy for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. N Engl J Med. 1999 May 20;340(20):1533-8.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199905203402002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10332014?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: MRI显示钙化性肌腱病累及冈上肌远端中央来自于James Wang, PhD的个人收藏 [Citation ends].
自体全血注射
在这一操作中,从患者体内提取血液,并再注射到受累肌腱周围,以提供生长因子以启动愈合过程, 但其是否有效仍有争议。[81]de Vos RJ, Weir A, van Schie HT, et al. Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Jan 13;303(2):144-9.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185200http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20068208?tool=bestpractice.com[84]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Autologous blood injection for tendinopathy. Jan 2013 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg438 自体血注射在髌腱炎的治疗令人期待。[85]van Ark M, Zwerver J, van den Akker-Scheek I. Injection treatments for patellar tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Oct;45(13):1068-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543346?tool=bestpractice.com
基于细胞的治疗
在临床实践中,肌腱病的干细胞疗法定义不明确,但最常包括骨髓抽吸浓度或脂肪衍生的基质血管比例。目前,没有足够的证据支持将基于细胞的治疗(包括干细胞疗法)用于肌腱病。[113]Pas HI, Moen MH, Haisma HJ, et al. No evidence for the use of stem cell therapy for tendon disorders: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Jul;51(13):996-1002.https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/13/996.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28077355?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,临床前模型中具有较好治疗前景的发现表明,基于细胞的治疗可能是未来可行的一种治疗选择。仍需要严谨的科学研究以确定基于细胞的治疗用于治疗肌腱病治疗的安全性和疗效。
硬化治疗
针对跟腱病的研究。[20]Alfredson H, Ohberg L, Forsgren S. Is vasculo-neural ingrowth the cause of pain in chronic Achilles tendinosis? An investigation using ultrasonography and colour Doppler, immunohistochemistry, and diagnostic injections. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003 Sep;11(5):334-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520512?tool=bestpractice.com[114]Hoksrud AF, Bahr R. Injectable agents derived from or targeting vascularity: has clinical acceptance in managing tendon disorders superseded scientific evidence? J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2011 Jun;11(2):174-84.http://www.ismni.org/jmni/pdf/44/11HOKSRUD.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21625054?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Alfredson H, Cook J. A treatment algorithm for managing Achilles tendinopathy: new treatment options. Br J Sports Med. 2007 Apr;41(4):211-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311806?tool=bestpractice.com 包括超声和彩色多普勒引导下聚多卡醇注射。期望通过减少因过度使用肌腱而产生的新生血管数量来减轻疼痛。一项随机对照试验将20例患者分为硬化治疗注射组(聚多卡醇)与非硬化治疗注射组(利多卡因加肾上腺素[肾上腺素])并进行比较。硬化治疗组在3个月时疼痛明显改善。[19]Alfredson H, Ohberg L. Sclerosing injections to areas of neo-vascularisation reduce pain in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005 May;13(4):338-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15688235?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Alfredson H, Cook J. A treatment algorithm for managing Achilles tendinopathy: new treatment options. Br J Sports Med. 2007 Apr;41(4):211-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311806?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,关于疼痛引起新生血管形成的临床意义仍有争议,并没有足够有力的证据来支持使用硬化剂注射,治疗伴有新生血管形成的疼痛性肌腱病。需要进一步的临床、影像学、实验室检查明确肌腱疼痛、新血管生成及其处理方法之间的关系。[116]Wilde B, Havill A, Priestley L, et al. The efficacy of sclerosing injections in the treatment of painful tendinopathy. Phys Ther Rev. 2011;16(4):244-60.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/1743288X11Y.0000000025 硬化治疗注射也在髌腱炎的治疗上显示出有希望的结果。[85]van Ark M, Zwerver J, van den Akker-Scheek I. Injection treatments for patellar tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Oct;45(13):1068-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543346?tool=bestpractice.com
髌腱炎的注射疗法
多种注射疗法被越来越多地用于治疗髌腱炎。 这些包括针、自体血、大量-富血小板血浆、硬化剂治疗、皮质类固醇和抑肽酶注射剂。 这样的注射疗法已显示出有希望的结果,但是这些结果应谨慎解读,因为目前仍缺乏高质量的研究,并且因为使用不同的方法学,所以对这些研究进行比较仍然很困难。[85]van Ark M, Zwerver J, van den Akker-Scheek I. Injection treatments for patellar tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Oct;45(13):1068-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543346?tool=bestpractice.com