肌腱病治疗的主要目标是减少疼痛和恢复日常活动。 肌腱病并非复杂性损伤,但可能很难处理。 医生需要定期检测患者的治疗效果。 所有肌腱病的一般性治疗原则相同,但在不同部位的治疗方法各有不同。
治疗以相对静止和活动方式改变开始,使用冰敷和非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 治疗以缓解急性疼痛。 [
]What are the effects of topical NSAIDS in adults with acute musculoskeletal pain?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1129/full显示答案 根据解剖部位以及对初始治疗的反应,可通过注射皮质类固醇、局部用硝酸甘油和/或其他特定方式,以强化物理治疗。[33]Andres BM, Murrell GA. Treatment of tendinopathy: what works, what does not, and what is on the horizon. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008 Jul;466(7):1539-54.https://journals.lww.com/clinorthop/fulltext/2008/07000/Treatment_of_Tendinopathy__What_Works,_What_Does.4.aspxhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446422?tool=bestpractice.com
相对静止和活动方式改变
因为肌腱病是一种过度使用损伤,主要的初始治疗是充分休息以及活动的改变。[34]Leadbetter WB. Cell-matrix response in tendon injury. Clin Sports Med. 1992 Jul;11(3):533-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1638640?tool=bestpractice.com
目标是降低机械性过度负荷,促进肌腱愈合和缓解疼痛。
评估和纠正过度训练错误也十分重要。
对于特定解剖部位,支具或足跟垫高可能有用。 在上髁炎时,下臂近端抗力护具可能减轻疼痛并且改善功能。[35]Bisset LM, Collins NJ, Offord SS. Immediate effects of 2 types of braces on pain and grip strength in people with lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Feb;44(2):120-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24405258?tool=bestpractice.com 在跟腱病时,足跟垫高可减少跟腱拉伸量,有助于减轻疼痛。 在背屈受限(腓肠肌-比目鱼肌复合体紧张)的患者中,使用夜间夹板固定足在中立位至背屈6至8周,以保持被动背屈。[36]Schepsis AA, Jones H, Haas AL. Achilles tendon disorders in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2002 Mar-Apr;30(2):287-305.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11912103?tool=bestpractice.com
冰敷加非甾体抗炎药
冰敷:
非甾体抗炎药:[37]Welsh RP, Clodman J. Clinical survey of Achilles tendonitis in athletes. Can Med Assoc J. 1980 Jan 26;122(2):193-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1801770/pdf/canmedaj01126-0055.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7363214?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Leppilahti J, Orava S, Karpakka J, et al. Overuse injuries of the Achilles tendon. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1991;80(2):202-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1897887?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Leadbetter WB, Mooar PA, Lane GJ, et al. The surgical treatment of tendonitis: clinical rationale and biologic basis. Clin Sports Med. 1992 Oct;11(4):679-712.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1423693?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Weiler JM. Medical modifiers of sports soft-tissue injury: the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in sports soft-tissue injury. Clin Sports Med. 1992 Jul;11(3):625-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1638643?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Saltzman CL, Tearse DS. Achilles tendon injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998 Sep-Oct;6(5):316-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9753759?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Myerson MS, McGarvey W. Disorders of the Achilles tendon insertion and Achilles tendonitis. Instr Course Lect. 1999;48:211-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10098046?tool=bestpractice.com
物理治疗
物理治疗是保守治疗的主要组成部分,常结合休息和活动改变。
一般而言,患者需要强化及拉伸受累身体部位。
一个疗程一般为每周2或3次,持续6周。
逐渐地,患者可以过渡到离心伸肌肌力加强训练及拉伸练习。[43]Cullinane FL, Boocock MG, Trevelyan FC. Is eccentric exercise an effective treatment for lateral epicondylitis? A systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2014 Jan;28(1):3-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23881334?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Peterson M, Butler S, Eriksson M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of eccentric vs. concentric graded exercise in chronic tennis elbow (lateral elbow tendinopathy). Clin Rehabil. 2014 Sep;28(9):862-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634444?tool=bestpractice.com
在离心收缩时,肌肉收缩同时肌肉纤维延长,肌腱承受更多的负载。
研究显示,正确进行偏心单腿下蹲有益于髌骨肌腱病的治疗。[5]Kountouris A, Cook J. Rehabilitation of Achilles and patellar tendinopathies. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Apr;21(2):295-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17512484?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Curwin S, Stanish WD. Tendinitis: its etiology and treatment. Lexington, MA: Collamore Press; 1984.[46]Wilson J, Best TM. Common overuse tendon problems: a review and recommendations for treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Sep 1;72(5):811-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16156339?tool=bestpractice.com
离心运动最好在有经验的物理治疗师指导下完成。[47]Malliaras P, Maffulli N, Garau G. Eccentric training programmes in the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(20-22):1590-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18608381?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Magnussen RA, Dunn WR, Thomson AB. Nonoperative treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med. 2009 Jan;19(1):54-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124985?tool=bestpractice.com
一项关于锻炼的系统评价认为,肩袖肌腱病时负重锻炼(抗重力或抗阻力训练)有助于缓解疼痛,改善功能。[49]Littlewood C, Ashton J, Chance-Larsen K, et al. Exercise for rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2012 Jun;98(2):101-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507359?tool=bestpractice.com
皮质类固醇注射
通常用于帮助治疗急性疼痛,不过疗效仍存在争议,需要进行更多的研究。[50]Metcalfe D, Achten J, Costa ML. Glucocorticoid injections in lesions of the Achilles tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 2009 Jul;30(7):661-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589313?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Gaujoux-Viala C, Dougados M, Gossec L. Efficacy and safety of steroid injections for shoulder and elbow tendonitis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Dec;68(12):1843-9.https://ard.bmj.com/content/68/12/1843.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19054817?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Eyigor C, Eyigor S, Kivilcim KO, et al. Are intra-articular corticosteroid injections better than conventional TENS in treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis in the short run? A randomized study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2010 Sep;46(3):315-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20926997?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B, et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2010 Nov 20;376(9754):1751-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20970844?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Smidt N, van der Windt D, Assendelft W, et al. Corticosteroid injections, physiotherapy, or a wait and see policy for lateral epicondylitis: a randomized control trial. Lancet. 2002 Feb 23;359(9307):657-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11879861?tool=bestpractice.com 通常将皮质类固醇与等量 1% 利多卡因混合。然而,当考虑使用皮质类固醇注射治疗肱骨外上髁炎时,必须保持谨慎。一项随机对照临床试验 (RCT) 表明,与安慰剂相比,使用皮质类固醇注射治疗虽然使短期疼痛明显缓解,但治疗 1 年后,患者的临床结局更差、复发率更高。[55]Coombes BK, Bisset L, Brooks P, et al. Effect of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy, or both on clinical outcomes in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013 Feb 6;309(5):461-9.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1568252http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385272?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项随机对照临床试验表明,与体外冲击波疗法相比,超声引导下穿刺肩峰下注射皮质类固醇可在短期内改善功能并缓解疼痛。[56]Kim YS, Lee HJ, Kim YV, et al. Which method is more effective in treatment of calcific tendinitis in the shoulder? Prospective randomized comparison between ultrasound-guided needling and extracorporeal shock wave therapy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Nov;23(11):1640-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25219475?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价发现皮质类固醇注射对治疗髌骨肌腱病没有益处。[57]Everhart JS, Cole D, Sojka JH, et al. Treatment options for patellar tendinopathy: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2017 Apr;33(4):861-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28110807?tool=bestpractice.com
局部用硝酸甘油
通过促进肌腱修复,使疼痛得到缓解,特别是慢性疼痛。[58]Gambito ED, Gonzalez-Suarez CB, Oquinena TI, et al. Evidence on the effectiveness of topical nitroglycerin in the treatment of tendinopathies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2010 Aug;91(8):1291-305.https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(10)00121-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20684913?tool=bestpractice.com
有限的证据表明可改善冈上肌肌腱病、[59]Paoloni JA, Appleyard RC, Nelson J, et al. Topical glyceryl trinitrate application in the treatment of chronic supraspinatus tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2005 Jun;33(6):806-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15827365?tool=bestpractice.com 肱骨外上髁炎[60]Paoloni JA, Appleyard RC, Nelson J, Murrell GA. Topical nitric oxide application in the treatment of chronic extensor tendinosis at the elbow: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2003 Nov-Dec;31(6):915-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623657?tool=bestpractice.com 和跟腱病的疼痛。[61]Paoloni JA, Appleyard RC, Nelson J, et al. Topical glyceryl trinitrate treatment of chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 May;86-A(5):916-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118032?tool=bestpractice.com
体外冲击波治疗 (Extracorporeal shockwave therapy, ESWT)
是一种非有创性治疗,通过特殊装置将冲击波传导到至疼痛部位。 体外冲击波治疗 (ESWT) 已被证明是可以使疼痛减轻,但作用机制尚不明确。[62]van Leeuwen MT, Zwerver J, van den Akker-Scheek I. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for patellar tendinopathy: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2009 Mar;43(3):163-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18718975?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Saithna AJ, Jenkinson E, Boer R, et al. Is extracorporeal shockwave therapy for calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff associated with a significant improvement in the Constant-Murley score? A systematic review. Curr Orthop Pract. 2009 Oct;20(5):566-71.https://journals.lww.com/c-orthopaedicpractice/Abstract/2009/10000/Is_extracorporeal_shockwave_therapy_for_calcifying.18.aspx[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for refractory tennis elbow. Aug 2009 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg313[65]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinopathy. Dec 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg571[66]Mouzopoulos G, Stamatakos M, Mouzopoulos D, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave treatment for shoulder calcific tendonitis: a systematic review. Skeletal Radiol. 2007 Sep;36(9):803-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17415561?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Lee SY, Cheng B, Grimmer-Somers K. The midterm effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the management of chronic calcific shoulder tendinitis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011 Jul;20(5):845-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21232988?tool=bestpractice.com 高能量体外冲击波疗法已被证明对钙化肩袖肌腱变性的治疗有效,但该疗法对非钙化性肌腱变性作用不大。[68]Huisstede BM, Gebremariam L, van der Sande R, et al. Evidence for effectiveness of extracorporal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) to treat calcific and non-calcific rotator cuff tendinosis - a systematic review. Man Ther. 2011 Oct;16(5):419-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396877?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Kolk A, Yang KG, Tamminga R, et al. Radial extracorporeal shock-wave therapy in patients with chronic rotator cuff tendinitis: a prospective randomised double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Bone Joint J. 2013 Nov;95-B(11):1521-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24151273?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Verstraelen FU, In den Kleef NJ, Jansen L, et al. High-energy versus low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy for calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder: which is superior? A meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 Sep;472(9):2816-25.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4117900/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24872197?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Wu YC, Tsai WC, Tu YK, et al. Comparative effectiveness of nonoperative treatments for chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 Aug;98(8):1678-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28400182?tool=bestpractice.com 一项随机对照试验正在进行中,该试验以比较聚焦状与放散状冲击波疗法在治疗髌腱炎方面的有效性。[72]van der Worp H, Zwerver J, van den Akker-Scheek I, et al. The TOPSHOCK study: effectiveness of radial shockwave therapy compared to focused shockwave therapy for treating patellar tendinopathy - design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Oct 11;12:229.https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-12-229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989041?tool=bestpractice.com 在慢性跟腱病的治疗方面,一项系统评价发现如果其他保守治疗失败,低能量 ESWT 可能有效。[73]Al-Abbad H, Simon JV. The effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on chronic achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Jan;34(1):33-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23386759?tool=bestpractice.com
超声引导下穿刺
一项随机对照试验显示,与单独皮质类固醇注射相比,超声引导下穿刺+皮质类固醇注射能改善临床和放射影像学结局。[74]de Witte PB, Selten JW, Navas A, et al. Calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff: a randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided needling and lavage versus subacromial corticosteroids. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;41(7):1665-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23696211?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价比较了超声引导下穿刺、ESWT 和关节镜手术治疗钙化性肩袖肌腱病的疗效,发现治疗后有良好至优异的临床结局,干预措施间无差异。[75]Louwerens JK, Veltman ES, van Noort A, et al. The effectiveness of high-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy versus ultrasound-guided needling versus arthroscopic surgery in the management of chronic calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2016 Jan;32(1):165-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26382637?tool=bestpractice.com
富血小板血浆 (platelet-rich plasma, PRP) 注射
PRP 由自体血液制备。离心患者的全血,以在少量血浆中获得高浓度的血小板。在损伤部位注射 PRP,或者制成凝胶状态通过手术植入。富血小板血浆已成为骨科与运动医学领域治疗肌腱病的一种受欢迎的选择。然而,关于 PRP 的疗效仍有争议。[76]Mishra AK, Skrepnik NV, Edwards SG, et al. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for chronic tennis elbow: a double-blind, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 230 patients. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Feb;42(2):463-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23825183?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Ahmad Z, Brooks R, Kang SN, et al. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on clinical outcomes in lateral epicondylitis. Arthroscopy. 2013 Nov;29(11):1851-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24060428?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Kesikburun S, Tan AK, Yilmaz B, et al. Platelet-rich plasma injections in the treatment of chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Nov;41(11):2609-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893418?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Krogh TP, Ellingsen T, Christensen R, et al. Ultrasound-guided injection therapy of Achilles tendinopathy with platelet-rich plasma or saline: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Aug;44(8):1990-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27257167?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价发现了高质量证据,这些证据支持采用超声引导下腱内注射由大量细胞组成,且富含白细胞的 PRP。[80]Fitzpatrick J, Bulsara M, Zheng MH. The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of tendinopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jan;45(1):226-33.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0363546516643716http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27268111?tool=bestpractice.com 已有若干随机对照试验正在研究肩袖修复以及跟腱病变,但还没有得出任何对治疗有益的结论。[81]de Vos RJ, Weir A, van Schie HT, et al. Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Jan 13;303(2):144-9.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185200http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20068208?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Rodeo SA, Delos D, Williams RJ, et al. The effect of platelet-rich fibrin matrix on rotator cuff tendon healing: a prospective, randomized clinical study. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Jun;40(6):1234-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22495146?tool=bestpractice.com[83]de Jonge S, de Vos RJ, Weir A, et al. One-year follow-up of platelet-rich plasma treatment in chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Aug;39(8):1623-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21602565?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然已证明 PRP 是治疗顽固性髌腱炎的安全和有前景的疗法,但关于其是否优于物理治疗等其他疗法,仍有待最终确定。[84]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Autologous blood injection for tendinopathy. Jan 2013 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg438[85]van Ark M, Zwerver J, van den Akker-Scheek I. Injection treatments for patellar tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Oct;45(13):1068-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543346?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Liddle AD, Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Oct;43(10):2583-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25524323?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Dragoo JL, Wasterlain AS, Braun HJ, et al. Platelet-rich plasma as a treatment for patellar tendinopathy: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Mar;42(3):610-8. [Erratum in: Am J Sports Med. 2016 Jul;44(7):NP38.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24481828?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Vetrano M, Castorina A, Vulpiani MC, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus focused shock waves in the treatment of jumper's knee in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Apr;41(4):795-803.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408591?tool=bestpractice.com
弱激光疗法 (Low-level laser therapy, LLLT)
在肱骨外上髁炎,使用LLLT直接照射肘部伸肌总腱起点,可缓解短期疼痛和改善功能障碍,且无严重不良反应。[89]Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Joensen J, et al. A systematic review with procedural assessments and meta-analysis of low level laser therapy in lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008 May 29;9:75.https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-9-75http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510742?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Tumilty S, Munn J, McDonough S, et al. Low level laser treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Feb;28(1):3-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708800?tool=bestpractice.com 在跟腱炎,使用LLLT可缓解短期疼痛和改善功能障碍,且无严重不良反应。[90]Tumilty S, Munn J, McDonough S, et al. Low level laser treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010 Feb;28(1):3-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708800?tool=bestpractice.com
手术
经过合适保守治疗试验后,如果疼痛持续不缓解,应寻求外科评估。 目前,关节镜手术比开放手术更常用。