在解剖上,髂胫束 (ITB) 是阔筋膜张肌肌腱部分的延续,大部分的阔筋膜张肌与臀大肌相连。[6]Baker RL, Fredericson M. Iliotibial band syndrome in runners: biomechanical implications and exercise interventions. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2016 Feb;27(1):53-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26616177?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Fairclough J, Hayashi K, Toumi H, et al. The functional anatomy of the iliotibial band during flexion and extension of the knee: implications for understanding iliotibial band syndrome. J Anat. 2006 Mar;208(3):309-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100245/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533314?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Baker RL, Souza RB, Fredericson M. Iliotibial band syndrome: soft tissue and biomechanical factors in evaluation and treatment. PM R. 2011 Jun;3(6):550-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21665168?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 髂胫束解剖。 IT Band为髂胫束,Gluteus Max.为臀大肌,TFL为阔筋膜张肌来源于Dr J.C.Mak的个人收藏 [Citation ends].在远端,髂胫束跨越髌骨外侧缘及髌骨外侧支持带,并与它们相附着,最终止于胫骨 Gerdy 结节。局部解剖显示股骨外上髁处为有一处强有力的肌腱附着处,其下方有脂肪组织(脂肪垫样结构),而远端 Gerdy 结节部分为韧带成分。[22]Fairclough J, Hayashi K, Toumi H, et al. The functional anatomy of the iliotibial band during flexion and extension of the knee: implications for understanding iliotibial band syndrome. J Anat. 2006 Mar;208(3):309-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100245/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533314?tool=bestpractice.com 跑步期间,足部触地即刻髂胫束后缘撞击股骨外上髁。这一撞击区出现在屈膝 30° 或稍少于 30° 时。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 撞击区发生于屈膝约30°时。来源于Dr J.C.Mak的个人收藏 [Citation ends]. 反复刺激可导致慢性炎症,尤其在髂胫束后方纤维,这里相对于前方纤维与股骨外上髁接触更紧密。
男性跑步者可能出现运动学问题,例如髋内旋和膝内翻增加以及髋外旋肌无力。[14]Noehren B, Davis I, Hamill J. ASB clinical biomechanics award winner 2006 prospective study of the biomechanical factors associated with iliotibial band syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2007 Nov;22(9):951-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17728030?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Noehren B, Schmitz A, Hempel R, et al. Assessment of strength, flexibility, and running mechanics in men with iliotibial band syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Mar;44(3):217-22.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258688/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24450366?tool=bestpractice.com 对女性跑步者的研究证实,在跑步的站立期,股骨外旋导致膝关节相对内旋。[14]Noehren B, Davis I, Hamill J. ASB clinical biomechanics award winner 2006 prospective study of the biomechanical factors associated with iliotibial band syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2007 Nov;22(9):951-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17728030?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Ferber R, Noehren B, Hamill J, et al. Competitive female runners with a history of iliotibial band syndrome demonstrate atypical hip and knee kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Feb;40(2):52-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20118523?tool=bestpractice.com 女性跑步者可能出现髋内收和膝内旋增加以及髂胫束异常劳损和劳损速率异常。[26]Hamill J, Miller R, Noehren B, et al. A prospective study of iliotibial band strain in runners. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008 Oct;23(8):1018-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583001?tool=bestpractice.com
膝关节内旋可能是造成髂胫束Gerdy结节部分紧张的一个因素,进一步加剧了其在股骨外上髁处的紧张。疲劳及肌肉节段协调作用降低可能是导致膝关节及髋部相关组织过度内旋的原因。[21]Miller RH, Lowry JL, Meardon SA, et al. Lower extremity mechanics of iliotibial band syndrome during an exhaustive run. Gait Posture. 2007 Sep;26(3):407-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17134904?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Miller RH, Meardon SA, Derrick TR, et al. Continuous relative phase variability during an exhaustive run in runners with a history of iliotibial band syndrome. J Appl Biomech. 2008 Aug;24(3):262-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843156?tool=bestpractice.com