对于局部治疗无反应的皮肌炎,可使用抗疟药。羟氯喹已经证实可以改善皮损和头皮瘙痒,对肌炎没有效果。[145]Woo TY, Callen JP, Voorhees JJ, et al. Cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis are improved by hydroxychloroquine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;10:592-600.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6715608?tool=bestpractice.com[146]James WD, Dawson N, Rodman OG. The treatment of dermatomyositis with hydroxychloroquine. J Rheumatol. 1985;12:1214-1216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4093940?tool=bestpractice.com[147]Cox NH. Amyopathic dermatomyositis, photosensitivity, and hydroxychloroquine. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132:1014-1025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7662554?tool=bestpractice.com氯喹对病情也有益,但视网膜病变的风险大于使用羟氯喹的风险;因此羟氯喹是首选的抗疟药。[148]Van Beek MJ, Piette WW. Antimalarials. Dermatol Clin. 2001;19:147-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11155579?tool=bestpractice.com与其他抗疟药不同,奎纳克林 (Quinacrine) 与视网膜病变无关。但这种药物并非在所有国家都可获得,因此很少作为首选用药。对抗疟药单独治疗无反应的患者联合使用奎纳克林和羟氯喹或氯喹可能会有效。[149]Ang GC, Werth VP. Combination antimalarials in the treatment of cutaneous dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:855-859.http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/141/7/855http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16027300?tool=bestpractice.com
有轶事性报告称对于耐药型皮肌炎皮损患者,局部使用 0.1% 他克莫司作为辅助治疗可改善瘙痒、湿疹样症状和皮肤异色症。[150]Ueda M, Makinodan R, Matsumura M, et al. Successful treatment of amyopathic dermatomyositis with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:595-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12653761?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Hollar CB, Jorizzo JL. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for refractory skin disease in dermatomyositis: a pilot study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2004;15:35-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754648?tool=bestpractice.com需要对照试验,但良好的安全性使他克莫司成为成人和青少年皮肌炎一种有吸引力的治疗方案。[152]Soter NA, Fleishcer AB Jr, Webster GF, et al. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part II, safety. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:S39-S46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11145794?tool=bestpractice.com
短期口服皮质类固醇对皮肤病变通常有效,但逐渐减小剂量时会出现复发。在这种情况下,应增加其他治疗方案控制皮肤病变,而不是增大皮质类固醇的剂量。对于无肌病性皮肌炎,很少全身性使用皮质类固醇。[61]Quain RD, Werth VP. Management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: current therapeutic options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7:341-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17173468?tool=bestpractice.com
对局部治疗和抗疟药治疗无效的患者,可使用甲氨蝶呤,可与前述治疗联合使用。口服低剂量甲氨蝶呤有利于改善肌肉和皮肤受累。[118]Giannini M, Callen JP. Treatment of dermatomyositis with methotrexate and prednisone. Arch Dermatol. 1979;115:1251-1252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/507874?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Newman ED, Scott DW. The use of low-dose oral methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Clin Rheumatol. 1995;1:99-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19077954?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Metzger AL, Bohan A, Goldberg LS, et al. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: combined methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1974;81:182-189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4843574?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Joffe MM, Love LA, Leff RL, et al. Drug therapy of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: predictors of response to prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate and a comparison of their efficacy. Am J Med. 1993;94:379-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8386437?tool=bestpractice.com已有对治疗耐药的疾病获得治疗反应的报告。[153]Kasteler JS, Callen JP. Low-dose methotrexate administered weekly is an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:67-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8996263?tool=bestpractice.com可能发生血液、肝和肺的毒性反应,但遵循以下指南监测可以降低风险。[154]American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Guidelines. Guidelines for monitoring drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:723-731.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8639168?tool=bestpractice.com
可减少皮质类固醇的免疫抑制剂:轶事性证据显示对甲氨蝶呤治疗抵抗的皮肤病变使用硫唑嘌呤后有所改善。[155]Villalba L, Adams EM. Update on therapy for refractory dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1996;8:544-551.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9018458?tool=bestpractice.com与剂量相关的毒性(血液、肝脏和胃肠道)是停药的常见原因。[156]Kissel JT, Levy RJ, Mendell JR, et al. Azathioprine toxicity in neuromuscular disease. Neurology. 1986;36:35-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3941781?tool=bestpractice.com
已经证明麦考酚酯对顽固性皮肤病变有效,环孢素对顽固性皮肤病变和早期间质性肺病有效。[129]Edge JC, Outland JD, Dempsey JR, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil as an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:65-69.http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/142/1/65http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16415388?tool=bestpractice.com[128]Gelber AC, Nousari HC, Wigley FM. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of severe skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a series of 4 cases. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1542-1545.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10852287?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Baudard M, Vincent A, Moreau P et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of acute and chronic GVHD is effective and well tolerated but induces a high risk of infectious complications: a series of 21 BM or PBSC transplant patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30:287-295.http://www.nature.com/bmt/journal/v30/n5/full/1703633a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209350?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Vencovsky J, Jarosova K, Machacek S, et al. Cyclosporine A versus methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2000;29:95-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777122?tool=bestpractice.com[159]Danko K, Szegedi G. Cyclosporin A treatment of dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:933-934.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2059242?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Pugh MT, Collins NA, Rai A, et al. A case of adult dermatomyositis treated with cyclosporin A. Br J Rheumatol. 1992;31:855.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1458294?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Qushmaq KA, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of refractory adult polymyositis/dermatomyositis: population based experience in 6 patients and literature review. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2855-2859.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11128676?tool=bestpractice.com[161]Maeda K, Kimura R, Komuta K, et al. Cyclosporine treatment for polymyositis/dermatomyositis: is it possible to rescue the deteriorating cases with interstitial pneumonitis? Scand J Rheumatol. 1997;26:24-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9057798?tool=bestpractice.com使用麦考酚酯最常见的不良反应发生在胃肠道,但也可能会发生机会性感染。[157]Baudard M, Vincent A, Moreau P et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of acute and chronic GVHD is effective and well tolerated but induces a high risk of infectious complications: a series of 21 BM or PBSC transplant patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30:287-295.http://www.nature.com/bmt/journal/v30/n5/full/1703633a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209350?tool=bestpractice.com肾脏损害和高血压患者禁用环孢素。
沙利度胺和氨苯砜等抗炎药是免疫抑制剂的替代治疗方案。有病例报告称难治性皮肌炎皮损患者使用氨苯砜后快速出现治疗反应。[162]Konohana A, Kawashima J. Successful treatment of dermatomyositis with dapsone. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19:367.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7955489?tool=bestpractice.com[163]Cohen JB. Cutaneous involvement of dermatomyositis can respond to dapsone therapy. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:182-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12010348?tool=bestpractice.com轶事性证据显示使用沙利度胺治疗有效。[61]Quain RD, Werth VP. Management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: current therapeutic options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7:341-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17173468?tool=bestpractice.com沙利度胺具有高度致畸性。[164]Zeldis JB, Williams BA, Thomas SD, et al. S.T.E.P.S.: a comprehensive program for controlling and monitoring access to thalidomide. Clin Ther. 1999;21:319-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10211535?tool=bestpractice.com建议连续监测周围神经病变。[165]Hess CW, Hunziker T, Kupfer A, et al. Thalidomide-induced peripheral neuropathy: a prospective clinical, neurophysiological and pharmacogenetic evaluation. J Neurol. 1986;233:83-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3009724?tool=bestpractice.com葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏的患者增加了氨苯砜的血液学毒性。[166]Paniker U, Levine N. Dapsone and sulfapyridine. Dermatol Clin. 2001;19:79-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11155588?tool=bestpractice.com
一些小型研究和病例报告显示辅助静脉注射免疫球蛋白对治疗抵抗的皮肤和肌肉病变有效。[134]Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, et al. A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1993-2000.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199312303292704#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8247075?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Dalakas MC. The role of high-dose immune globulin intravenous in the treatment of dermatomyositis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6:550-556.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16504918?tool=bestpractice.com[136]Sadayama T, Miyagawa S, Shirai T. Low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for intractable dermatomyositis skin lesions. J Dermatol. 1999;26:457-459.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10458087?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Peake MF, Perkins P, Elston DM, et al. Cutaneous ulcers of refractory adult dermatomyositis responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin. Cutis. 1998;62:89-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9714905?tool=bestpractice.com限制使用的主要因素是成本高且可用性受限。[142]Department of Health. Clinical guidelines for immunoglobulin use, 2nd ed. update. August 2011. http://www.dh.gov.uk/ (last accesssed 4 April 2016).http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_131107.pdf