针对年龄较大的患者的研究显示,在非住院和住院患者中,发热和咳嗽急性发作的流感阳性预测值分别为 30% 和 53%。[86]Govaert TM, Dinant GJ, Aretz K, et al. The predictive value of influenza symptomatology in elderly people. Fam Pract. 1998;15:16-22.http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/16.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9527293?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Walsh EE, Cox C, Falsey AR. Clinical features of influenza A virus infection in older hospitalized persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1498-1503.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12383146?tool=bestpractice.com
一项针对接种流感疫苗并伴有慢性肺疾病的老年人的研究结果显示,咳嗽不能预测实验室确诊的流感病毒感染,但同时具有发热和肌痛对流感的阳性预测值为 41%。[88]Neuzil KM, O'Connor TZ, Gorse GJ, et al. Recognizing influenza in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who have received influenza vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:169-174.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/2/169.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522748?tool=bestpractice.com
幼儿很少报告有典型的流感症状,例如发热和咳嗽。[89]Ohmit SE, Monto AS. Symptomatic predictors of influenza virus positivity in children during the influenza season. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:564-568.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/564.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886147?tool=bestpractice.com儿童诊断的关键因素:有低质量的研究显示发热和咳嗽对儿童季节性流感有预测价值。一些针对儿童的研究发现,在 5 岁至 12 岁的儿童中,同时出现发热和咳嗽症状对诊断流感的阳性预测值为 71%-83%,而此预测值在 <5 岁的儿童中为 64%。[90]Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) - United States, 2013-2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-43. [Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:906.]http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6207a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24048214?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项大样本的监测研究中,所有发热或急性呼吸道感染的症状的患儿进行了流感测试,实验室确诊的流感病例中报告有发热,咳嗽症状,小于6个月的住院儿童为70%,6个月~5岁的住院患儿为91%。[90]Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) - United States, 2013-2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:1-43. [Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62:906.]http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6207a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24048214?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
如果出现发热加重且咳嗽伴有浓痰和呼吸困难,应怀疑继发性细菌性肺炎,胸部 X 线检查可显示浸润性改变。
继发性细菌性肺炎是流感的一个重要并发症,约占所有流感相关死亡的 25%。[5]Simonsen L. The global impact of influenza on morbidity and mortality. Vaccine. 1999;17(suppl 1):S3-S10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10471173?tool=bestpractice.com