重度疾病风险低但其他方面健康的儿童
在健康儿童中,水痘是一种自限性疾病,仅根据症状进行治疗即可,例如,使用对乙酰氨基酚治疗发热,润肤液和抗组胺药治疗瘙痒。不建议使用炉甘石洗剂,因为它会使皮肤干燥,从而加剧皮肤瘙痒。不建议使用阿司匹林治疗发热,因为其与雷诺综合征相关。[74]Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, et al. Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1377-1382.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199905063401801#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10228187?tool=bestpractice.com针对水痘使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 还有其他问题,因有增加链球菌 (GAS)感染的风险。[75]Zerr DM, Alexander ER, Duchin JS, et al. A case-control study of necrotizing fasciitis during primary varicella. Pediatrics. 1999;103:783-790.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10103303?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Lesko SM, O'Brien KL, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infection and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use among children with primary varicella. Pediatrics. 2001;107:1108-1115.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11331694?tool=bestpractice.com由于可能增加皮肤和软组织的感染风险,因此应避免使用 NSAID。水合作用十分重要,特别是对伴有发热的婴幼儿和儿童。
虽然建议,针对该患者群体不提倡使用抗病毒治疗药物,但研究了阿昔洛韦在免疫力正常的儿童中的初始疗效,结果显示,发生皮疹后 24 小时内给药,缩短了发热消退时间。[77]Klassen TP, Hartling L, Wiebe N, et al. Acyclovir for treating varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD002980.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002980.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235308?tool=bestpractice.com发热持续时间:与安慰剂相比,高质量证据表明,发生皮疹后 24 小时内给予阿昔洛韦可以缩短健康儿童的发热持续时间。[77]Klassen TP, Hartling L, Wiebe N, et al. Acyclovir for treating varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD002980.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002980.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235308?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。此外,一些专家建议比原发病例更严重的继发家庭病例口服阿昔洛韦。[78]American Academy of Pediatrics. Varicella-zoster infections. In: Pickering LK, ed. Red Book 2012: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:774-789.
重度疾病中等风险
除根据症状治疗外,还建议将抗病毒治疗药物用于有重度水痘中等风险的患者,包括:[1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chickenpox (Varicella): questions and answers. September 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4202.pdf
接受其他类型免疫抑制治疗(例如,TNF-α抑制剂及其单克隆抗体)的患者也可能出现风险升高,但关于此类患者使用抗病毒制剂的信息十分有限。针对青少年和成人开展的临床试验表明,如果在皮疹发生 24 小时内给药,阿昔洛韦可表现出良好的耐受性,并且在减少临床疾病持续时间以及降低严重程度方面表现出良好的有效性。[2]Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56:1-40.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5604a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17585291?tool=bestpractice.com
重度疾病高风险
对于水痘并发症高风险患者,除了针对症状的治疗外,建议及时进行抗病毒治疗,包括:[2]Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56:1-40.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5604a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17585291?tool=bestpractice.com
在免疫功能不全儿童中静脉注射阿昔洛韦(比安慰剂)可以降低疾病的严重程度的证据有限,因此专家建议对并发症风险较高的患者常规使用阿昔洛韦。[2]Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56:1-40.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5604a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17585291?tool=bestpractice.com
应告知孕妇可能会发生潜在的母婴不良后遗症的风险、产前诊断的选择以及宫内传播风险等情况。如果发生围产期暴露,建议咨询新生儿学专家和传染病专家,以便优化预防或治疗策略。[43]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Chickenpox in pregnancy (Green-top guideline no. 13). January 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg13.pdf[44]Shrim A, Koren G, Yudin MH, et al. Management of varicella infection (chickenpox) in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2012;34:287-292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22385673?tool=bestpractice.com
发生严重并发症的重度疾病患者
抗病毒治疗对于因水痘感染导致严重并发症(例如肺炎、肝炎或脑炎/中枢神经系统 (CNS) 疾病)的所有患者非常重要。