Nguyen HQ, Jumaan AO, Seward JF. Decline in mortality due to varicella after implementation of varicella vaccination in the United States. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:450-458.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Chickenpox in pregnancy (Green-top guideline no. 13). January 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).
Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:92-96.
Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, et al. Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1377-1382.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Varicella-zoster infections. In: Pickering LK, ed. Red Book 2012: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:774-789.
Wallace MR, Bowler WA, Murray NB, et al. Treatment of adult varicella with oral acyclovir: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:358-363.
Balfour HH Jr, Kelly JM, Suarez CS, et al. Acyclovir treatment of varicella in otherwise healthy children. J Pediatr. 1990;116:633-639.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chickenpox (Varicella): questions and answers. September 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).
2. Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56:1-40.
3. Lee BW. Review of varicella zoster seroepidemiology in India and Southeast Asia. Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3:886-890.
4. Kowitdamrong E, Pancharoen C, Thammaborvorn R, et al. The prevalence of varicella-zoster virus infection in normal healthy individuals aged above 6 months. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(suppl 4):S7-S11.
5. Garnett GP, Cox MJ, Bundy DA, et al. The age of infection with varicella-zoster virus in St Lucia, West Indies. Epidemiol Infect. 1993;110:361-372.
6. Lin F, Hadler JL. Epidemiology of primary varicella and herpes zoster hospitalizations: the pre-varicella vaccine era. J. Infect Dis. 2000;181:1897-1905.
7. Heininger U, Seward JF. Varicella. Lancet. 2006;368:1365-1376.
8. Kilgore PE, Kruszon-Moran D, Seward JF, et al. Varicella in Americans from NHANES III: implications for control through routine immunization. J Med Virol. 2003;70(suppl 1):S111-S118.
9. Mandal BK, Mukherjee PP, Murphy C, et al. Adult susceptibility to varicella in the tropics is a rural phenomenon due to the lack of previous exposure. J Infect Dis. 1998;178(suppl 1):S52-S54.
10. Ooi PL, Goh KT, Doraisingham S, et al. Prevalence of varicella-zoster virus infection in Singapore. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1992;23:22-25.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Varicella-related deaths among adults - United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46:409-412.
12. Nguyen HQ, Jumaan AO, Seward JF. Decline in mortality due to varicella after implementation of varicella vaccination in the United States. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:450-458.
13. Gnann JW Jr, Whitley RJ. Clinical practice: herpes zoster. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:340-346.
14. Sawyer MH, Chamberlin CJ, Wu YN, et al. Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in air samples from hospital rooms. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:91-94.
16. Sawyer MH, Wu YN, Chamberlin CJ, et al. Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in the oropharynx and blood of patients with varicella. J Infect Dis. 1992;166:885-888.
17. Bernstein HH, Rothstein EP, Watson BM, et al. Clinical survey of natural varicella compared with breakthrough varicella after immunization with live attenuated Oka/Merck varicella vaccine. Pediatrics. 1993;92:833-837.
18. Apisarnthanarak A, Kitphati R, Tawatsupha P, et al. Outbreak of varicella-zoster virus infection among Thai healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:430-434.
19. Longfield JN, Winn RE, Gibson RL, et al. Varicella outbreaks in Army recruits from Puerto Rico. Varicella susceptibility in a population from the tropics. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:970-973.
20. Bernaola Iturbe E, Giménez Sánchez F, Baca Cots M, et al. Vaccination schedule of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics: recommendations 2009 [in Spanish]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2009;70:72-82.
21. Department of Health (UK). The Green Book: Varicella. September 2013. http://www.gov.uk/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).
22. Vázquez M, LaRussa PS, Gershon AA, et al. The effectiveness of the varicella vaccine in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:955-960.
23. Kuter B, Matthews H, Shinefield H, et al. Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:132-137.
24. Ngai AL, Staehle BO, Kuter BJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of one vs. two injections of Oka/Merck varicella vaccine in healthy children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:49-54.
25. Watson B, Rothstein E, Bernstein H, et al. Safety and cellular and humoral immune responses of a booster dose of varicella vaccine 6 years after primary immunization. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:217-219.
26. Skull SA, Wang EE. Varicella vaccination - a critical review of the evidence. Arch Dis Child. 2001;85:83-90.
27. Kuter BJ, Weibel RE, Guess HA, et al. Oka/Merck varicella vaccine in healthy children: final report of a 2-year efficacy study and 7-year follow-up studies. Vaccine. 1991;9:643-647.
28. Marin M, Jhang JX, Seward JF. Near elimination of varicella deaths in the US after implementation of the vaccination program. Pediatrics. 2011;128:214-220.
29. Marin M, Meissner HC, Seward JF. Varicella prevention in the United States: a review of successes and challenges. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e744-e751.
30. Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008;57:1-30.
31. Black S, Shinefield H, Ray P, et al. Postmarketing evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of varicella vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:1041-1046.
32. Tseng HF, Smith N, Marcy SM, et al. Incidence of herpes zoster among children vaccinated with varicella vaccine in a prepaid health care plan in the United States, 2002-2008. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:1069-1072.
33. Wen SY, Liu WL. Epidemiology of pediatric herpes zoster after varicella infection: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e565-e571.
34. Hardy I, Gershon AA, Steinberg SP, et al. The incidence of zoster after immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine - a study in children with leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1545-1550.
35. Lawrence R, Gershon AA, Holzman R, et al. The risk of zoster after varicella vaccination in children with leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:543-548.
36. Ogunjimi B, Van Damme P, Beutels P. Herpes zoster risk reduction through exposure to chickenpox patients: a systematic multidisciplinary review. PLoS One. 2013;8:e66485.
37. World Health Organization. Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, 2014. June 2014. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).
38. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). ECDC guidance: varicella vaccination in the European Union. 2015. http://ecdc.europa.eu/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).
39. Güris D, Jumaan AO, Mascola L, et al. Changing varicella epidemiology in active surveillance sites - United States, 1995-2005. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(Suppl 2):S71-S75.
40. Rimland D, Moanna A. Increasing incidence of herpes zoster among veterans. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1000-1005.
41. Carville KS, Grant KA, Kelly HA. Herpes zoster in Australia. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140:599-600.
42. Russell ML, Dover DC, Simmonds KA, et al. Shingles in Alberta: before and after publicly funded varicella vaccination. Vaccine. 2013;32:6319-6324.
43. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Chickenpox in pregnancy (Green-top guideline no. 13). January 2015. https://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).
44. Shrim A, Koren G, Yudin MH, et al. Management of varicella infection (chickenpox) in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2012;34:287-292.
45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases: chapter 17 - varicella. April 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).
46. Danerseau AM, Robinson JL. Efficacy and safety of measles, mumps, rubella and varicella live viral vaccines in transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. World J Pediatr. 2008;4:254-258.
47. Furth SL, Hogg RJ, Tarver J, et al. Varicella vaccination in children with chronic renal failure: a report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:33-38.
48. Geel A, Zuidema W, van Gelder T, et al. Successful vaccination against varicella zoster virus prior to kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:952-953.
49. Webb NJ, Fitzpatrick MM, Hughes DA, et al; Trans-Pennine Paediatric Nephrology Study Group. Immunisation against varicella in end stage and pre-end stage renal failure. Arch Dis Child. 2000;82:141-143.
50. Kano H, Mizuta K, Sakakihara Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of immunization for pre- and post-liver transplant children. Transplantation. 2002;74:543-550.
51. Nithichaiyo C, Chongsrisawat V, Hutagalung Y, et al. Immunogenicity and adverse effects of live attenuated varicella vaccine (Oka-strain) in children with chronic liver disease. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001;19:101-105.
52. Pergam SA, Limaye AP. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(suppl 4):S108-S115.
53. Zaia J, Baden L, Boeckh MJ, et al. Viral disease prevention after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;44:471-482.
54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FDA approval of an extended period for administering VariZIG for postexposure prophylaxis of varicella. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:212.
55. Ma H, Fontaine R; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Varicella outbreak among primary school students - Beijing, China, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(suppl 1):39-43.
56. Leibovitz E, Cooper D, Giurgiutiu D, et al. Varicella-zoster virus infection in Romanian children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatrics. 1993;92:838-842.
57. McGregor RS, Zitelli BJ, Urbach AH, et al. Varicella in pediatric orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Pediatrics. 1989;83:256-261.
58. Feldhoff CM, Balfour HH Jr, Simmons RL, et al. Varicella in children with renal transplants. J Pediatr. 1981;98:25-31.
59. Preblud SR. Varicella: complications and costs. Pediatrics. 1986;78:728-735.
60. Feldman S, Hughes WT, Daniel CB. Varicella in children with cancer: seventy-seven cases. Pediatrics. 1975;56:388-397.
61. Bradley JR, Wreghitt TG, Evans DB. Chickenpox in adult renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1987;1:242-245.
62. Cohen JI, Brunell PA, Straus SE, et al. Recent advances in varicella-zoster virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:922-932.
63. Miller HC, Stephan M. Hemorrhagic varicella: a case report and review of the complications of varicella in children. Am J Emerg Med. 1993;11:633-638.
64. Gilden D. Varicella zoster virus and central nervous system syndromes. Herpes. 2004;11(Suppl 2):89A-94A.
65. Coffin SE, Hodinka RL. Utility of direct immunofluorescence and virus culture for detection of varicella-zoster virus in skin lesions. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2792-2795.
66. Weinstock DM, Rogers M, Lim S, et al. Seroconversion rates in healthcare workers using a latex agglutination assay after varicella virus vaccination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20:504-507.
67. Quinlivan M, Gershon AA, Steinberg SP, et al. An evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms used to differentiate vaccine and wild type strains of varicella-zoster virus. J Med Virol. 2005;75:174-180.
68. Weinberg A, Hayward AR, Masters HB, et al. Comparison of two methods for detecting varicella-zoster virus antibody with varicella-zoster virus cell-mediated immunity. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:445-446.
69. Moore ZS, Seward JF, Lane JM. Smallpox. Lancet. 2006;367:425-435.
70. Wolf R, Orion E, Marcos B, et al. Life-threatening acute adverse cutaneous drug reactions. Clin Dermatol. 2005;23:171-181.
71. Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:92-96.
72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of monkeypox - Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:537-540.
73. Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:15-25.
74. Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, et al. Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1377-1382.
75. Zerr DM, Alexander ER, Duchin JS, et al. A case-control study of necrotizing fasciitis during primary varicella. Pediatrics. 1999;103:783-790.
76. Lesko SM, O'Brien KL, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infection and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use among children with primary varicella. Pediatrics. 2001;107:1108-1115.
77. Klassen TP, Hartling L, Wiebe N, et al. Acyclovir for treating varicella in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD002980.
78. American Academy of Pediatrics. Varicella-zoster infections. In: Pickering LK, ed. Red Book 2012: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:774-789.
79. US Food and Drug Administration. Public Health Advisory: an important FDA reminder for parents: do not give infants cough and cold products designed for older children. August 2011. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 24 February 2017).
80. Feder HM Jr. Treatment of adult chickenpox with oral acyclovir. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:2061-2065.
81. Wallace MR, Bowler WA, Murray NB, et al. Treatment of adult varicella with oral acyclovir: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:358-363.
82. Balfour HH Jr, Edelman CK, Anderson RS, et al. Controlled trial of acyclovir for chickenpox evaluating time of initiation and duration of therapy and viral resistance. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:919-926.
83. Balfour HH Jr, Kelly JM, Suarez CS, et al. Acyclovir treatment of varicella in otherwise healthy children. J Pediatr. 1990;116:633-639.
84. Nyerges G, Meszner Z, Gyarmati E, et al. Acyclovir prevents dissemination of varicella in immunocompromised children. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:309-313.
85. Carcao MD, Lau RC, Gupta A, et al. Sequential use of intravenous and oral acyclovir in the therapy of varicella in immunocompromised children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:626-631.
86. Kunitomi T, Akazai A, Ikeda M, et al. Comparison of acyclovir and vidarabine in immunocompromised children with varicella-zoster virus infection. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1989;31:702-705.
87. Balfour HH Jr, McMonigal KA, Bean B. Acyclovir therapy of varicella-zoster virus infections in immunocompromised patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983;12(Suppl B):169-179.
88. Prober CG, Kirk LE, Keeney RE. Acyclovir therapy of chickenpox in immunosuppressed children - a collaborative study. J Pediatr. 1982;101:622-625.
89. Schlossberg D, Littman M. Varicella pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:1630-1632.
90. El-Daher N, Magnussen R, Betts RF. Varicella pneumonitis: clinical presentation and experience with acyclovir treatment in immunocompetent adults. Int J Infect Dis. 1998;2:147-151.
91. Haake DA, Zakowski PC, Haake DL, et al. Early treatment with acyclovir for varicella pneumonia in otherwise healthy adults: retrospective controlled study and review. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12:788-798.
92. Davidson RN, Lynn W, Savage P, et al. Chickenpox pneumonia: experience with antiviral treatment. Thorax. 1988;43:627-630.
93. Morales JM. Successful acyclovir therapy of severe varicella hepatitis in an adult renal transplant recipient. Am J Med. 1991;90:401.
94. Aebi C, Ahmed A, Ramilo O. Bacterial complications of primary varicella in children. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:698-705.
95. Laupland KB, Davies HD, Low DE, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal disease in children and association with varicella-zoster virus infection. Pediatrics. 2000;105:e60.
96. Waldhausen JH, Holterman MJ, Sawin RS. Surgical implications of necrotizing fasciitis in children with chickenpox. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1138-1141.
97. Guess HA, Broughton DD, Melton LJ, et al. Population-based studies of varicella complications. Pediatrics. 1986;78:723-727.
98. Choo PW, Donahue JG, Manson JE, et al. The epidemiology of varicella and its complications. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:706-712.
99. Mohsen AH, Peck RJ, Mason Z, et al. Lung function tests and risk factors for pneumonia in adults with chickenpox. Thorax. 2001;56:796-799.
100. Rivest P, Bédard L, Valiquette L, et al. Severe complications associated with varicella: province of Quebec, April 1994 to March 1996. Can J Infect Dis. 2001;12:21-26.
101. Harger JH, Ernest JM, Thurnau GR, et al. Risk factors and outcome of varicella-zoster virus pneumonia in pregnant women. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:422-427.
102. Tan MP, Koren G. Chickenpox in pregnancy: revisited. Reprod Toxicol. 2006;21:410-420.
103. Gregorakos L, Myrianthefs P, Markou N, et al. Severity of illness and outcome in adult patients with primary varicella pneumonia. Respiration. 2002;69:330-334.
105. Gnann JW Jr. Varicella-zoster virus: atypical presentations and unusual complications. J Infect Dis. 2002;186(suppl 1):S91-S98.
106. Koskiniemi M, Piiparinen H, Rantalaiho T, et al. Acute central nervous system complications in varicella zoster virus infections. J Clin Virol. 2002;25:293-301.
107. Connolly AM, Dodson WE, Prensky AL, et al. Course and outcome of acute cerebellar ataxia. Ann Neurol. 1994;35:673-679.
108. Lechiche C, Le Moing V, François Perrigault P, et al. Fulminant varicella hepatitis in a human immunodeficiency virus infected patient: case report and review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38:929-931.
109. Leung AK, Kao CP, Sauve RS. Scarring resulting from chickenpox. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18:378-380.
110. Sanchez MA, Bello-Munoz JC, Cebrecos I, et al. The prevalence of congenital varicella syndrome after a maternal infection, but before 20 weeks of pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24:341-347.
111. Gardella C, Brown ZA. Managing varicella zoster infection in pregnancy. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007;74:290-296.
112. Enders G, Miller E, Cradock-Watson J, et al. Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases. Lancet. 1994;343:1548-1551.
113. Brunell PA. Varicella in pregnancy, the fetus, and the newborn: problems in management. J Infect Dis. 1992;166(Suppl 1):S42-S47.
114. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of VariZIG - United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:574-576.
115. American Academy of Pediatrics. Antiviral drugs. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, et al, eds. Red book 2009: report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009:714.
116. Boeckh M. Prevention of VZV infection in immunosuppressed patients using antiviral agents. Herpes. 2006;13:60-65.
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台