酒精阻断在胃肠道的主动转运机制,影响硫胺素吸收。[5]Thomson AD. Mechanisms of vitamin deficiency in chronic alcohol misusers and development of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 2000;35:2-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11304071?tool=bestpractice.com在发达国家,表现为韦尼克脑病的维生素B1缺乏症主要发生在慢性酒精滥用人群,特别是在营养摄入不佳的情况下。[2]Victor M, Adams RD, Collins GH. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and related neurological disorders due to alcoholism and malnutrition. Philadephia, PA: FA Davis Company; 1989.
在某些国家,特别是在东亚,膳食主要是缺乏硫胺素的精制大米,维生素 B1 缺乏症和脚气病暴发很常见。[6]World Health Organisation, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Thiamine deficiency and its prevention and control in major emergencies. 1999. http://www.who.int (last accessed 30 August 2017).http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/emergencies/WHO_NHD_99.13/en/全谷物和种子的胚芽富含硫胺素,但精制大米缺乏硫胺素。当食物中富含硫胺素或者不食用精制大米时,脚气病的发病率下降。[6]World Health Organisation, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Thiamine deficiency and its prevention and control in major emergencies. 1999. http://www.who.int (last accessed 30 August 2017).http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/emergencies/WHO_NHD_99.13/en/
维生素B1缺乏症可能也会发生在吸收不良的疾病,已有胃旁路术后韦尼克脑病的病例报告。[7]Salas-Salvado J, Garcia-Lorda P, Cuatrecasas G, et al. Wernicke's syndrome after bariatric surgery. Clin Nutr. 2000;19:371-373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11031078?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Cirignotta F, Manconi M, Mondini S, et al. Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy and polyneuropathy after gastroplasty for morbid obesity: report of a case. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1356-1359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987905?tool=bestpractice.com 胃肠手术会引起吸收硫胺素的肠胃黏膜面积减小、反复术后呕吐和食欲不振,造成维生素B1 缺乏症。[9]Shuster MH, Vazquez JA. Nutritional concerns related to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: what every clinician needs to know. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2005;28:227-260.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16041224?tool=bestpractice.com
硫胺素是一种碳水化合物代谢的辅因子。因此,应该在经口、肠道或者胃肠外再喂养前,考虑并治疗维生素B1缺乏症(包括单纯静脉注射右旋糖)。[10]Stanga Z, Brunner A, Leuenberger M, et al. Nutrition in clinical practice - the refeeding syndrome: illustrative cases and guidelines for prevention and treatment. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62:687-694.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17700652?tool=bestpractice.com在全胃肠外营养中如果硫胺素补充不足会引起维生素 B1 缺乏症。[11]Kitamura K, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka H, et al. TPN-induced fulminant beriberi: a report on our experience and a review of the literature. Surg Today. 1996;26:769-776.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8897674?tool=bestpractice.com反复呕吐和/或慢性腹泻疾病也会引起维生素 B1 缺乏症。[11]Kitamura K, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka H, et al. TPN-induced fulminant beriberi: a report on our experience and a review of the literature. Surg Today. 1996;26:769-776.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8897674?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Merkin-Zaborsky H, Ifergane G, Frisher S, et al. Thiamine-responsive acute neurological disorders in nonalcoholic patients. Eur Neurol. 2001;45:34-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11150838?tool=bestpractice.com
镁是含硫胺素酶的辅因子。[13]Zieve L. Influence of magnesium deficiency on the utilization of thiamine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1969;162:732-743.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5259566?tool=bestpractice.com因此,为了让硫胺素充分发挥作用,应该补充充足的镁。慢性酒精滥用的人群特别容易出现明显的镁缺乏症。[14]Flink EB. Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1986;10:590-594.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3544909?tool=bestpractice.com
艾滋病 (AIDS) 与恶病质和分解代谢状态有关,因此艾滋病患者为维生素 B1 缺乏的风险人群。[15]Butterworth RF, Gaudreau C, Vincelette J, et al. Thiamine deficiency and Wernicke's encephalopathy in AIDS. Metab Brain Dis. 1991;6:207-212.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1812394?tool=bestpractice.com厌食、恶心和呕吐,某些恶性肿瘤有关的吸收不良,使这些患者处于维生素 B1 缺乏的风险中。硫胺素缺乏症尤其与血液系统恶性肿瘤密切相关,因为癌细胞快速生长,会增加硫胺素的消耗。一些化疗药物也会干扰硫胺素功能。[16]Van Zaanen HC, van der Lelie J. Thiamine deficiency in hematologic malignant tumors. Cancer. 1992;69:1710-1713.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1551055?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Onishi H, Kawaniski C, Onose M, et al. Successful treatment of Wernicke encephalopathy in terminally ill cancer patients: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12:604-608.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15141340?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Van Belle SJ, Distelmans W, Vandebroek J. Phase I trial of erbulozole (R55104). Anticancer Res. 1993;13:2389-2391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8135472?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Buesa JM, Garcia-Teijido P, Losa R, et al. Treatment of ifosfamide encephalopathy with intravenous thiamin. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:4636-4637.http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/9/12/4636.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14555540?tool=bestpractice.com
硫胺素酶破坏食物中的硫胺素,硫胺素拮抗剂也会干扰硫胺素的吸收。富含某些食物的膳食,如发酵的鱼(硫胺素酶的来源)、槟榔、茶、咖啡和红色卷心菜(硫胺素拮抗剂的来源),会导致维生素 B1 缺乏症。[20]Vimokesant SL, Hilker DM, Nakornchai S, et al. Effects of betel nut and fermented fish on thiamin status of northeastern Thais. Am J Clin Nutr. 1975:28;1458-1463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/803009?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Vimokesant S, Kunjara S, Rungruangsak K, et al. Beriberi caused by antithiamin factors in food and its prevention. Acad N Y Acad Sci. 1982;378:123-136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7044221?tool=bestpractice.com