案例
一名32岁男子因直肠周围肿痛于急诊就医。上述症状于24小时前发病且进行性加重。患者否认直肠出血史,诉疼痛剧烈且局限于肿胀部位。他提供了相关发热的主观病史,但否认排便习惯改变,亦否认近期患病史或既往慢性病病史。
其他表现
肛门直肠脓肿可为克罗恩病的一种临床表现。[1]Michelassi F, Melis M, Rubin M, et al. Surgical treatment of anorectal complications in Crohn's disease. Surgery. 2000;128:597-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11015093?tool=bestpractice.com虽然肛周疼痛和肿胀是肛门直肠脓肿最常见的临床表现,亦可仅出现其中一种症状甚至二者均无。偶有患者出现尿潴留,此类情况多见于既往存在泌尿系统疾病病史的男性患者。[2]Marcus RH, Stine RJ, Cohen MA. Perirectal abscess. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:597-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7741334?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Godec CJ, Cass AS, Ruiz E. Another aspect of acute urinary retention in young patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1982;11:471-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7114592?tool=bestpractice.com因括约肌间脓肿几乎无局部肿胀或肛周感染表现,故此类脓肿的诊断相当困难。括约肌间脓肿的显著临床表现为肛周疼痛,患者常诉肛区内部剧痛,无法耐受肛门指诊检查。[8]Ramanujam PS, Prasad ML, Abcarian H, et al. Perianal abscesses and fistulas. A study of 1023 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:593-597.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6468199?tool=bestpractice.com类同于腹腔脓肿,肛提肌上脓肿可表现为腹痛或深部盆腔疼痛而无任何明显直肠周围肿胀征象。[9]Prasad ML, Read DR, Abcarian H. Supralevator abscess: diagnosis and treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1981;24:456-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7273983?tool=bestpractice.com肛门直肠周围脓肿患者很少会因合并的坏死性软组织感染导致致命性脓毒症。而上述事件多发生于糖尿病、高龄、免疫抑制状态或慢性衰弱的患者。[3]Adinolfi MF, Voros DC, Moustoukas NM, et al. Severe systemic sepsis resulting from neglected perineal infections. South Med J. 1983;76:746-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6857307?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Salvino C, Harford FJ, Dobrin PB. Necrotizing infections of the perineum. South Med J. 1993;86:908-911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8351552?tool=bestpractice.com