肛门直肠脓肿的治疗目标是:在不破坏肛门括约肌前提下进行脓肿充分、彻底引流。抗生素治疗无法替代脓肿外科引流术,而抗感染治疗应作为合并糖尿病、免疫抑制状态、慢性衰弱、高龄、心脏瓣膜病或并发严重蜂窝织炎的脓肿患者的辅助治疗。[2]Marcus RH, Stine RJ, Cohen MA. Perirectal abscess. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:597-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7741334?tool=bestpractice.com在上述病例中,应使用可联合覆盖厌氧菌及革兰阴性菌的广谱抗生素。脓肿引流不容迟疑,否则脓肿有可能扩散、进展为坏死性软组织感染,从而导致致命性脓毒症。[10]Salvino C, Harford FJ, Dobrin PB. Necrotizing infections of the perineum. South Med J. 1993;86:908-911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8351552?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Williams JG, MacLeod CA, Rothenberger DA, et al. Seton treatment of high anal fistulae. Br J Surg. 1991;78:1159-1161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1958973?tool=bestpractice.com脓肿常于以下患者进展为坏死性软组织感染:高龄、合并糖尿病及免疫抑制状态人群(如:HIV、酒精中毒或恶性肿瘤患者;接受化疗患者;有实体器官移植史患者),据报道死亡率为25%-35%之间。[24]Sarani B, Strong M, Pascual J, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: current concepts and review of the literature. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208:279-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228540?tool=bestpractice.com
肛周脓肿及直肠周围脓肿应进行外引流治疗,而括约肌内脓肿及肛提肌上脓肿应分别内引流至肛管和直肠,以避免括约肌外及括约肌上瘘管的形成。对于合并有克罗恩病的肛门直肠脓肿患者,一旦肛肠感染所致急性脓毒症得以控制,则需尽快处理原发基础病。[1]Michelassi F, Melis M, Rubin M, et al. Surgical treatment of anorectal complications in Crohn's disease. Surgery. 2000;128:597-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11015093?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Sangwan YP, Schoetz DJ Jr, Murray JJ, et al. Perianal Crohn's disease. Results of local surgical treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:529-535.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8620803?tool=bestpractice.com肛瘘的治疗存在争议。[15]Vasilevsky CA, Gordon PH. The incidence of recurrent abscesses or fistula-in-ano following anorectal suppuration. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:126-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6697831?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Tang CL, Chew SP, Seow-Choen F. Prospective randomized trial of drainage alone vs. drainage and fistulotomy for acute perianal abscesses with proven internal opening. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:1415-1417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8969668?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Schouten WR, van Vroonhoven TJ. Treatment of anorectal abscess with or without primary fistulectomy. Results of a prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:60-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1991422?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Cox SW, Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, et al. Outcome after incision and drainage with fistulotomy for ischiorectal abscess. Am Surg. 1997;63:686-689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9247434?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Knoefel WT, Hosch SB, Hoyer B, et al. The initial approach to anorectal abscesses: fistulotomy is safe and reduces the chance of recurrences. Dig Surg. 2000;17:274-278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10867462?tool=bestpractice.com
外科治疗
肛周脓肿往往需于门诊或急诊间、在局部麻醉下条件行外引流术,术式选择为沿肛周行放射状切口。若切口向肛管中线过度延伸,则存在潜在肛门括约肌损坏风险。然而对于合并肛瘘的患者,上述切口的处理可使瘘管的后续治疗简单化。直肠周围脓肿的引流需于可施行全身麻醉的手术室中进行。
脓肿的另一备选引流方案为平行于肛缘的弧形切口。这种切口形式减低了肛门括约肌损伤的风险,但对于合并肛瘘的患者,这种术式可导致后续治疗更具挑战性。无论应用哪种切口进行引流,均需移除一块椭圆形皮瓣,或经过原切口中点做一偏小的垂直切口(十字切口),以防切口过于趋近皮缘。可使用小号引流管以便于深部感染灶的引流。
若行脓肿的外科引流时检查发现合并肛裂,可考虑一同治疗。[26]Tang CL, Chew SP, Seow-Choen F. Prospective randomized trial of drainage alone vs. drainage and fistulotomy for acute perianal abscesses with proven internal opening. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:1415-1417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8969668?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Cox SW, Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, et al. Outcome after incision and drainage with fistulotomy for ischiorectal abscess. Am Surg. 1997;63:686-689.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9247434?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Knoefel WT, Hosch SB, Hoyer B, et al. The initial approach to anorectal abscesses: fistulotomy is safe and reduces the chance of recurrences. Dig Surg. 2000;17:274-278.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10867462?tool=bestpractice.com一份Cochrane综述建议脓肿引流同时可进行肛瘘的外科手术干预,这样可降低脓肿/瘘管的持续时间及复发率,且减少了进一步手术干预的需求,但应对该项措施的适宜患者进行严格筛选。复发率、持续性脓肿/肛瘘发生率及重复手术率的降低:有力证据表明,相较于分别进行肛周脓肿切开术及引流术的患者,联合进行病灶切开及瘘管引流术可显著降低复发率、持续性脓肿/肛瘘发生率及重复手术率。上述二者在瘘管引流术后1年内排便失禁的发生率方面对比并未提示存在显著统计学差异。[30]Malik A, Nelson RL, Tou S. Incision and drainage of perianal abscess with or without treatment of anal fistula. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD006827.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006827/pdf_fs.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614450?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。肛裂位置表浅,括约肌受累范围不超过其整体结构的25%,可行瘘管切开术治疗。另一种替代疗法是使用松散挂线术进行引流。[15]Vasilevsky CA, Gordon PH. The incidence of recurrent abscesses or fistula-in-ano following anorectal suppuration. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:126-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6697831?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Schouten WR, van Vroonhoven TJ. Treatment of anorectal abscess with or without primary fistulectomy. Results of a prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:60-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1991422?tool=bestpractice.com挂线治疗可降低肛门直肠脓肿的复发率,在急性感染得以控制、瘘管成熟的前提下,挂线疗法在肛瘘治疗过程中可兼顾括约肌功能的保留。若肛瘘病变累及范围超过括约肌结构的25%,则暂不考虑行瘘管切开术进行干预,但出于预防肛门直肠脓肿复发的考量,仍可应用挂线法进行治疗。[23]Williams JG, MacLeod CA, Rothenberger DA, et al. Seton treatment of high anal fistulae. Br J Surg. 1991;78:1159-1161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1958973?tool=bestpractice.com
若脓肿引流术未于手术室或局部麻醉下进行,则可能无法全面完善肛门检查或置入挂线。这是肛门直肠脓肿复发的危险因素之一。括约肌内脓肿及肛提肌上脓肿往往需于全身麻醉下完成全面详尽的肛门检查,以便确立诊断及完成脓肿引流。上述两种脓肿应分别引流至肛管和直肠。[9]Prasad ML, Read DR, Abcarian H. Supralevator abscess: diagnosis and treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1981;24:456-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7273983?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Millan M, Garcia-Granero E, Esclapez P, et al. Management of intersphincteric abscesses. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:777-780.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17032324?tool=bestpractice.com上述脓肿引流后很少形成肛瘘,故行脓肿引流术时无需考虑瘘管的治疗。
术后伤口护理
术后患者应每日温水沐浴2-3次以达到清洁伤口的目的,直到伤口完全愈合。排便后亦需沐浴清洁。脓肿引流期间可于病灶处覆盖敷料,以防内衣沾染污渍。
抗生素辅助治疗
通常使用于糖尿病、免疫抑制状态、慢性衰弱、高龄、有心脏瓣膜病病史或合并严重蜂窝织炎的患者。[2]Marcus RH, Stine RJ, Cohen MA. Perirectal abscess. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:597-603.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7741334?tool=bestpractice.com术后需使用可覆盖厌氧菌及革兰阴性菌的广谱抗生素,并于术后24小时内/蜂窝织炎得以控制后停药。文献并未提及标准化的抗生素使用规范。静脉广谱青霉素(如氨苄西林/舒巴坦)或二代/三代头孢菌素(如头孢西丁或头孢替坦)联合克林霉素、环丙沙星或甲硝唑等组合均为常见抗生素联用方案。
并无临床证据证实三联抗生素应用可强化致病菌的覆盖。尚有些专家建议将氨基糖苷类抗生素(庆大霉素或妥布霉素)加入抗生素推荐方案,但应顾及潜在的并发症。众所周知,氨基糖苷类抗生素可导致肾毒性及耳毒性。凡使用时间超过24小时,均需检测其血药浓度。
出现坏死性软组织感染的患者必须应用上述广谱抗生素进行抗感染治疗。此外,尚可进行更为积极的手术干预,对感染软组织进行彻底清创。往往需通过多次手术治疗方可使组织坏死进程得以控制。欲彻底根治坏死性软组织感染,需进入ICU严密监护治疗。[24]Sarani B, Strong M, Pascual J, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: current concepts and review of the literature. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208:279-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228540?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗失败
脓肿充分引流后相应临床症状应得以迅速缓解。若未好转,则应于麻醉下再次查体以明确脓液是否完全引流。脓肿引流不充分情况多见于马蹄形脓肿,该型脓肿构成中,位于肛管直肠后间隙及坐骨直肠窝的组分更为凸出、易于进行引流,而其他组分则不易进行识别处理。[31]Garcia-Aguilar J, Belmonte C, Wong WD, et al. Anal fistula surgery. Factors associated with recurrence and incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:723-729.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8674361?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Chrabot CM, Prasad ML, Abcarian H. Recurrent anorectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum. 1983;26:105-108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6822168?tool=bestpractice.com
约11%肛门直肠脓肿患者出现复发,病因往往源于先前被漏诊的肛瘘。对于肛门直肠脓肿复发或首次引流创面无法愈合的患者,普外科或肛肠外科医师需进行相关检查以除外肛瘘所致。对于合并HIV或其他免疫抑制状态等危险因素或发展中国家的肛门直肠脓肿患者,应考虑诸如结核或放线菌属等少见致病因素。此时,需完善特殊微生物学及病原体培养检查加以明确。[20]Magdeburg R, Grobholz R, Dornschneider G, et al. Perianal abscess caused by Actinomyces: report of a case. Tech Coloproctol. 2008;12:347-349.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018464?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Samarasekera DN, Nanayakkara PR. Rectal tuberculosis: a rare cause of recurrent rectal suppuration. Colorectal Dis. 2008;10:846-847.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18294272?tool=bestpractice.com