慢阻肺治疗的最终目标是预防和控制症状、降低急性加重的严重程度和次数、改善呼吸能力从而增加运动耐量并降低死亡率。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf 虽然有推荐的分步治疗方法,但是要记住必须根据个体整体健康状况和合并症情况对治疗进行个体化。
治疗方法包括减少危险因素暴露、恰当的疾病评估、患者教育、慢阻肺稳定期的药物和非药物治疗以及慢阻肺急性加重的预防和治疗。
持续评估和监测疾病
对慢阻肺进行持续监测和评估,可以确保实现治疗目标。应用自我或专业疾病监测的病例中,生活质量和患者的健康感将提高,住院将显著减少。[29]Lemmens KM, Nieboer AP, Huijsman R. A systematic review of integrated use of disease-management interventions in asthma and COPD. Respir Med. 2009 May;103(5):670-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19155168?tool=bestpractice.com 对病史的评估应该包括:
危险因素的暴露和预防措施:
疾病进展和并发症的发生:
运动耐量下降
症状增多
睡眠质量下降
误工或影响其他活动
药物治疗和其他治疗:
急救吸入剂的使用频率
任何新增加的药物治疗
医疗方案的依从性
正确应用吸入剂的能力
不良反应
急性加重病史
紧急治疗或急诊科就诊
近期大量口服皮质类固醇
应评估急性加重的发生率、严重程度和可能的原因
共病:
此外,每年应客观评估肺功能,或症状显著增多时增加肺功能检查频率。
需要数位医务人员(包括物理治疗师、呼吸内科医生、护士等)与患者共同参与的疾病综合管理 (integrated disease management, IDM) 已证明可改善患者的生活质量并减少患者住院。[30]Kruis AL, Smidt N, Assendelft WJ, et al. Cochrane corner: is integrated disease management for patients with COPD effective? Thorax. 2014 Nov;69(11):1053-5.https://thorax.bmj.com/content/69/11/1053.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24415716?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, what are the effects of integrated disease management interventions?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1063/full显示答案
急性加重
慢阻肺急性加重的定义是该事件的特点是变化已超出患者基线状态下呼吸困难、咳嗽和/或咳痰症状的日常变异范围,且为急性起病。
患者可以在门诊或住院治疗,取决于症状和共病的严重程度。住院治疗的适应症包括严重共病(心力衰竭、心律失常、肾病)、门诊治疗失败、气体交换加重或无法在家处理。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf
对于呼吸功能恶化(低氧血症或高碳酸血症)、严重的呼吸性酸中毒或血流动力学不稳定的患者,以及需要机械通气的患者,应考虑收住重症监护病房 (ICU)。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf 在严重的慢阻肺急性加重病例中,有时难免会使用无创正压通气 (non-invasive positive airway pressure, NIPAP) 和/或机械通气。[31]Ward NS, Dushay KM. Clinical concise review: Mechanical ventilation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Crit Care Med. 2008 May;36(5):1614-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18434881?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Roberts CM, Brown JL, Reinhardt AK, et al. Non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: management of acute type 2 respiratory failure. Clin Med (Lond). 2008 Oct;8(5):517-21.http://www.clinmed.rcpjournal.org/content/8/5/517.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18975486?tool=bestpractice.com
感染是慢阻肺急性加重最常见的原因之一。对于疑似感染的病例,通常必须使用经验性抗生素疗法。因为抗生素有助于改善肺功能和缩短疾病病程,同时对呼吸困难、咳嗽、脓痰有潜在获益,特别是对收住 ICU 的患者。[33]Quon BS, Gan WQ, Sin DD. Contemporary management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2008 Mar;133(3):756-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18321904?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD010257.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010257/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235687?tool=bestpractice.com 应该根据急性加重的严重程度以及患者是否在医院接受治疗选择抗生素。[33]Quon BS, Gan WQ, Sin DD. Contemporary management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2008 Mar;133(3):756-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18321904?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Miravitlles M, Anzueto A. Moxifloxacin: a respiratory fluoroquinolone. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Jul;9(10):1755-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18570608?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Falagas ME, Avgeri SG, Matthaiou DK, et al. Short- versus long-duration antimicrobial treatment for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Sep;62(3):442-50.https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/62/3/442/731589http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467303?tool=bestpractice.com[37]El Moussaoui R, Roede BM, Speelman P, et al. Short-course antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD: a meta-analysis of double-blind studies. Thorax. 2008 May;63(5):415-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18234905?tool=bestpractice.com
适用支气管扩张剂,联合或不联合氧疗。也应考虑口服皮质类固醇。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf 短疗程(即通常为 5 天)皮质类固醇治疗似乎与 10-14 天的疗程一样有效。[38]Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;(3):CD006897.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006897.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29553157?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Leuppi JD, Schuetz P, Bingisser R, et al. Short-term vs conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Jun 5;309(21):2223-31.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1688035http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695200?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does longer corticosteroid treatment (>7 days) compare with shorter (≤7 days) in people with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.853/full显示答案当需要治疗急性加重时,口服或肠胃外治疗优于吸入性皮质类固醇。[40]Lindenauer PK, Pekow PS, Lahti MC, et al. Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 2010 Jun 16;303(23):2359-67.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/186052http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20551406?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 1;(9):CD001288.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001288.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25178099?tool=bestpractice.com 慢性阻塞性肺病全球倡议 (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, GOLD) 指南建议使用 5 天疗程的口服泼尼松龙(40 mg/日)治疗。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf 在复发、治疗失败或死亡率方面,没有证据表明胃肠外治疗优于口服治疗。胃肠外治疗的副作用风险更大。[41]Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 1;(9):CD001288.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001288.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25178099?tool=bestpractice.com
长期管理:根据 GOLD 分级进行阶梯治疗
GOLD 指南[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf 推荐采用逐步药物治疗方案:
对于 A 组患者(症状少且加重风险低),使用支气管扩张剂是一线治疗选择。既可以是短效、也可以是长效支气管扩张剂。如果证据表明对改善症状有益,应继续进行。
对于 B 组患者(症状更多但加重风险低),应将使用长效支气管扩张剂作为一线治疗。如果患者在服用一种长效支气管扩张剂时仍存在持续症状,则推荐使用两种支气管扩张剂。对于存在严重呼吸急促的患者,可能需要使用两种支气管扩张剂进行初始治疗。减少急性加重:有高质量的证据证实联合抗胆碱能药物和短效 β2 受体激动剂在 12 周时减少慢阻肺急性加重方面比单独应用 β2 受体激动剂更有效。这种联合治疗与单独应用抗胆碱能药物相比,在减少急性加重方面似乎没有更有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对于 C 组患者(症状少但加重风险更高),一线治疗选择应为长效支气管扩张剂,GOLD 建议在本组中开始使用一种长效毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂 (long-acting muscarinic antagonist, LAMA)。 [
]How does umeclidinium bromide compare with placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1829/full显示答案 经历进一步加重的患者可能获益于添加第二种长效支气管扩张剂(长效 β-2 受体激动剂 [long-acting beta-2 agonist, LABA] 或 LAMA)或者联合使用 LABA 与吸入性皮质类固醇 (inhaled corticosteroid, ICS)。GOLD 推荐优选 LABA/LAMA 组合,次选 LABA/ICS,因为 ICS 会增加部分患者发生肺炎的风险。 [
]How does long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) compare with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1708/full显示答案
对于 D 组患者(症状更多且加重风险高),GOLD 推荐开始采用一种 LABA/LAMA 组合进行治疗。如果患者在使用 LABA/LAMA 时出现进一步加重,可以尝试升级至 LABA/LAMA/ICS,或者改用 LABA/ICS。如果使用 LABA/LAMA/ICS 治疗的患者仍然加重,那么其他选择包括加用罗氟司特 (roflumilast) 或一种大环内酯类,或者停用 ICS。
所有患者都应该接受教育、疫苗接种和戒烟干预。肺功能:有高质量的证据证实,与常规治疗相比,戒烟干预在慢阻肺患者 1-5 年时提高 FEV1 和14.5年时降低全因病死率方面更有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
支气管扩张剂治疗选择
β 受体激动剂被广泛用于 COPD 的治疗中。减少急性加重:有高质量的证据证实,β2 受体激动剂在减少 12-52 周急性加重方面比安慰剂更有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 此类药物能够增加细胞内环腺苷酸 (cAMP),使呼吸系统平滑肌舒张并降低气道阻力。现已有短效和长效制剂。短效 β-2 受体激动剂能够改善肺功能、减轻呼吸急促和提升生活质量。当患者正在接受长效 β-2 受体激动剂治疗时,可以把这类药物当作挽救治疗药物。[42]Chen AM, Bollmeier SG, Finnegan PM, et al. Long-acting bronchodilator therapy for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Dec;42(12):1832-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18957624?tool=bestpractice.com 长效 β2 受体激动剂 (LABA) 可改善肺功能、减轻呼吸困难并降低病情加重发生率和住院次数,但不影响死亡率或肺功能下降率。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf
毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂是一种抗胆碱能药物,通过阻断呼吸系统平滑肌上的胆碱能受体发挥支气管扩张剂的作用。能够松弛肌肉并减轻气流受限。肺功能:有中等质量的证据证实,一种短效抗胆碱能药物异丙托溴胺在提高 12 周 FEV1 方面较安慰剂更有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 吸入性毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂有短效和长效两种制剂。 [
]How does umeclidinium bromide compare with placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1829/full显示答案 现已证明,噻托溴铵(一种长效毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂 [LAMA])与安慰剂或其他维持治疗相比,可降低病情加重的风险。[43]Halpin DM, Vogelmeier C, Pieper MP, et al. Effect of tiotropium on COPD exacerbations: a systematic review. Respir Med. 2016 May;114:1-8.https://www.resmedjournal.com/article/S0954-6111(16)30030-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27109805?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does tiotropium compare with ipratropium bromide for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2154/full显示答案 从第 1 秒用力呼气容积 (FEV1) 谷值、过渡性呼吸困难指数局灶评分、St. George 呼吸问卷评分和抢救药物使用情况自基线的变化来看,较新的 LAMA(例如阿地溴铵 [aclidinium]、格隆溴铵 [glycopyrronium] 和芜地溴铵 [umeclidinium])的疗效至少都与噻托溴铵相当。[44]Ismaila AS, Huisman EL, Punekar YS, et al. Comparative efficacy of long-acting muscarinic antagonist monotherapies in COPD: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015 Nov 16;10:2495-517.https://www.dovepress.com/comparative-efficacy-of-long-acting-muscarinic-antagonist-monotherapie-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPDhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604738?tool=bestpractice.com 在一些关于服用短效毒蕈碱拮抗剂患者的研究和服用 LAMA 患者的研究中,发现心血管相关死亡率有所增加。[45]Hilleman DE, Malesker MA, Morrow LE, et al. A systematic review of the cardiovascular risk of inhaled anticholinergics in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:253-63.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719255/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657399?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Wang MT, Liou JT, Lin CW, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk with inhaled long-acting bronchodilators in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nested case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Feb 1;178(2):229-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29297057?tool=bestpractice.com 一项基于人群的队列研究发现,新开始接受 LAMA 治疗的 COPD 老年男性患者的尿路感染风险增加。[47]Gershon AS, Newman AM, Fischer HD, et al. Inhaled long-acting anticholinergics and urinary tract infection in individuals with COPD. COPD. 2017 Feb;14(1):105-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27732117?tool=bestpractice.com
因此,β 受体激动剂和毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂通过不同的途径起到支气管扩张剂的作用。二者联合使用可以获得更好的治疗效果而不增加各自的不良反应。[48]Rabe KF, Timmer W, Sagkriotis A, et al. Comparison of a combination of tiotropium plus formoterol to salmeterol plus fluticasone in moderate COPD. Chest. 2008 Aug;134(2):255-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403672?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Tashkin DP, Littner M, Andrews CP, et al. Concomitant treatment with nebulized formoterol and tiotropium in subjects with COPD: a placebo-controlled trial. Respir Med. 2008 Apr;102(4):479-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258423?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Tashkin DP, Pearle J, Iezzoni D, et al. Formoterol and tiotropium compared with tiotropium alone for treatment of COPD. COPD. 2009 Feb;6(1):17-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19229704?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Vogelmeier C, Kardos P, Harari S, et al. Formoterol mono- and combination therapy with tiotropium in patients with COPD: a 6-month study. Respir Med. 2008 Nov;102(11):1511-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804362?tool=bestpractice.com减少急性加重:有高质量的证据证实联合抗胆碱能药物和短效 β2 受体激动剂在 12 周时减少慢阻肺急性加重方面比单独应用 β2 受体激动剂更有效。这种联合治疗与单独应用抗胆碱能药物相比,在减少急性加重方面似乎没有更有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 与 LABA/ICS 相比,联合使用 LABA/LAMA 的患者病情加重的情况更少、FEV1 改善更明显、肺炎风险更低以及生活质量改善更频繁。[52]Horita N, Goto A, Shibata Y, et al. Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 10;(2):CD012066.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012066.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28185242?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价和网络 meta 分析发现,所有 LABA/LAMA 固定剂量的联合治疗都具有相似的有效性和安全性。[53]Schlueter M, Gonzalez-Rojas N, Baldwin M, et al. Comparative efficacy of fixed-dose combinations of long-acting muscarinic antagonists and long-acting beta2-agonists: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2016 Apr;10(2):89-104.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1753465815624612http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26746383?tool=bestpractice.com
对于稳定期 COPD 患者,如果决定只用一种药物治疗,LAMA 可能要优于 LABA。[48]Rabe KF, Timmer W, Sagkriotis A, et al. Comparison of a combination of tiotropium plus formoterol to salmeterol plus fluticasone in moderate COPD. Chest. 2008 Aug;134(2):255-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18403672?tool=bestpractice.com 一些临床试验表明,与 LABA 相比,LAMA 对降低加重率起到更大的作用。[54]Vogelmeier C, Hederer B, Glaab T, et al; POET-COPD Investigators. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 24;364(12):1093-103.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1008378http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21428765?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Decramer ML, Chapman KR, Dahl R, et al; INVIGORATE investigators. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Sep;1(7):524-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24461613?tool=bestpractice.com UPLIFT 试验已经表明了 LAMA 的长期安全性。[56]Celli B, Decramer M, Kesten S, et al. UPLIFT Study Investigators. Mortality in the 4-year trial of tiotropium (UPLIFT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Nov 15;180(10):948-55.https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.200906-0876OChttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729663?tool=bestpractice.com 如上所述,GOLD 根据患者的风险分组(A、B、C 或 D)给出初始药物治疗建议。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf
茶碱(一种甲基黄嘌呤类药物)是一种支气管舒张剂,通过增加cAMP,然后松弛呼吸平滑肌发挥作用。由于这类药物作用有限、治疗窗窄、风险高、与其他药物有频繁的相互作用,因此较少使用。茶碱适用于吸入治疗不足以缓解气流阻塞且症状持续存在的患者。肺功能:有高质量的证据证实,茶碱在增加 FEV1 方面比安慰剂更有效。但是,它的应用因为不良反应和需要频繁监测血药浓度而受到限制。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 茶碱对中重度慢阻肺患者的肺功能作用不明显。[57]Ram FS, Jones PW, Castro AA, et al. Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD003902.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12519617?tool=bestpractice.com
芜地溴铵 (umeclidinium)/维兰特罗 (vilanterol) 是经批准用于治疗 COPD 的 LABA/LAMA 联合用药疗法。[58]Celli B, Crater G, Kilbride S, et al. Once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 125/25 mcg in COPD: a randomized, controlled study. Chest. 2014 May;145(5):981-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385182?tool=bestpractice.com 格隆溴铵/富马酸福莫特罗是获批用于治疗 COPD 患者的另一种 LABA/LAMA 组合,[59]Radovanovic D, Mantero M, Sferrazza Papa GF, et al. Formoterol fumarate + glycopyrrolate for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016 Oct;10(10):1045-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552524?tool=bestpractice.com 同茚达特罗/格隆溴铵一样。[60]Bateman ED, Ferguson GT, Barnes N, et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur Respir J. 2013 Dec;42(6):1484-94.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/42/6/1484.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23722616?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Buhl R, Gessner C, Schuermann W, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily QVA149 compared with the free combination of once-daily tiotropium plus twice-daily formoterol in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD (QUANTIFY): a randomised, non-inferiority study. Thorax. 2015 Apr;70(4):311-9.https://thorax.bmj.com/content/70/4/311.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677679?tool=bestpractice.com 研究表明,这种每日一次的吸入剂对中重度 COPD 患者的疗效优于格隆溴铵加噻托溴铵,[62]Rodrigo GJ, Plaza V. Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of indacaterol and glycopyrronium for the treatment of COPD: a systematic review. Chest. 2014 Aug;146(2):309-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556877?tool=bestpractice.com 在防止 COPD 加重方面的效果优于沙美特罗/氟替卡松。[63]Wedzicha JA, Banerji D, Chapman KR, et al; FLAME Investigators. Indacaterol-glycopyrronium versus salmeterol-fluticasone for COPD. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 9;374(23):2222-34.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1516385http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27181606?tool=bestpractice.com
吸入性皮质类固醇
吸入皮质类固醇适用于频繁急性加重的慢阻肺晚期患者。[64]Hanania NA, Darken P, Horstman D, et al. The efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate (250 microg)/salmeterol (50 microg) combined in the Diskus inhaler for the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2003 Sep;124(3):834-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12970006?tool=bestpractice.com 应该在患者现有支气管扩张剂治疗的基础上加用,不应用作单药治疗。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf 吸入性皮质类固醇被认为具有抗炎作用,因此认定其有效。长期吸入性皮质类固醇减少急救治疗的使用、减少急性加重次数,可能可以降低死亡率。[65]Spencer S, Calverley PM, Burge PS, et al. Impact of preventing exacerbations on deterioration of health status in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2004 May;23(5):698-702.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/23/5/698.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15176682?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Sin DD, Wu L, Anderson JA, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005 Dec;60(12):992-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16227327?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the longer-term (>6 months) effects of inhaled corticosteroids in people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.805/full显示答案 几项研究指出,慢阻肺患者吸入皮质类固醇可增加肺炎风险。[67]Yang IA, Clarke MS, Sim EH, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jul 11;(7):CD002991.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002991.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786484?tool=bestpractice.com 氟替卡松和布地奈德相比,这种风险略高。[68]Suissa S, Patenaude V, Lapi F, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk of serious pneumonia. Thorax. 2013 Nov;68(11):1029-36.https://thorax.bmj.com/content/68/11/1029.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130228?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价和 meta 分析发现,尽管由使用吸入皮质类固醇所致未经调整的肺炎风险显著增加,但在随机对照临床试验中,肺炎致死率和总体死亡率没有增加,并且在观察性研究中有所降低。[69]Festic E, Bansal V, Gupta E, et al. Association of inhaled corticosteroids with incident pneumonia and mortality in COPD patients; systematic review and meta-analysis. COPD. 2016 Jun;13(3):312-26.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4951104/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26645797?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,应实施个体化治疗以衡量患者患肺炎的风险和减少病情恶化的获益。[67]Yang IA, Clarke MS, Sim EH, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jul 11;(7):CD002991.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002991.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22786484?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Welte T. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and the risk of pneumonia. Lancet. 2009 Aug 29;374(9691):668-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19716946?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Kew KM, Seniukovich A. Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Mar 10;(3):CD010115.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010115.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24615270?tool=bestpractice.com 在接受吸入性皮质类固醇治疗的 COPD 成年患者中,结核病和流感风险的增加也引起了关注。[72]Dong YH, Chang CH, Lin Wu FL, et al. Use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD and the risk of TB and influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2014 Jun;145(6):1286-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24504044?tool=bestpractice.com
根据 GOLD 指南,不推荐将吸入性皮质类固醇作为 A 到 D 组中任一组患者的一线治疗选择。只有当患者使用长效支气管扩张剂的同时仍继续出现加重时,才推荐将此类药物作为治疗升级的一部分。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf
磷酸二酯酶-4 抑制剂
罗氟司特 (roflumilast) 是一种口服磷酸二酯酶-4 抑制剂,适用于有频繁加重风险且长效支气管扩张剂不能完全控制这种风险的 D 组患者,可能减少加重次数。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf 这种药物可以改善肺功能和减少可能的急性加重。但是,它对生活质量或症状改善的作用不大。[73]Chong J, Leung B, Poole P. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 19;(9):CD002309.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002309.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28922692?tool=bestpractice.com
支气管扩张剂和皮质类固醇联合制剂
同时需要长效支气管扩张剂和吸入性皮质类固醇治疗的患者可使用这两种药物的联合制剂。联合制剂应用方便,同时可能改善部分患者的依从性。这类药物治疗的选择基于可获得性、个人反应和偏好。[74]Tricco AC, Strifler L, Veroniki AA, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of long-acting inhaled agents for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015 Oct 26;5(10):e009183.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/10/e009183.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26503392?tool=bestpractice.com 吸入性皮质类固醇和长效 β 受体激动剂联合治疗优于使用其中任一种药物的单药治疗。[75]Nannini LJ, Lasserson TJ, Poole P. Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD006829.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006829.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972099?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Nannini LJ, Poole P, Milan SJ, et al. Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 30;(8):CD006826.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006826.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990350?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), what are the effects of combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) in one inhaler versus LABA alone?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.56/full显示答案 联合制剂可能由单独或联合吸入装置提供。
多项研究认为,LABA/LAMA/ICS 三联疗法优于单药或者 LABA/LAMA 或 LABA/ICS 的双药联合治疗(就中度至重度 COPD 加重率[77]Singh D, Papi A, Corradi M, et al. Single inhaler triple therapy versus inhaled corticosteroid plus long-acting β2-agonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRILOGY): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 Sep 3;388(10048):963-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27598678?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Vestbo J, Papi A, Corradi M, et al. Single inhaler extrafine triple therapy versus long-acting muscarinic antagonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRINITY): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 May 13;389(10082):1919-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28385353?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Papi A, Vestbo J, Fabbri L, et al. Extrafine inhaled triple therapy versus dual bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRIBUTE): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Mar 17;391(10125):1076-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29429593?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Lipson DA, Barnacle H, Birk R, et al. FULFIL Trial: once-daily triple therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Aug 15;196(4):438-46.https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201703-0449OChttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28375647?tool=bestpractice.com 和住院率而言)。[81]Lipson DA, Barnhart F, Brealey N, et al. Once-daily single-inhaler triple versus dual therapy in patients with COPD. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 3;378(18):1671-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29668352?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Rojas-Reyes MX, García Morales OM, Dennis RJ, et al. Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta₂-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus tiotropium or combination alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 6;(6):CD008532.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008532.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27271056?tool=bestpractice.com
患者教育和自我管理
对所有患者进行关于疾病病程、急性加重或失代偿时症状方面的教育。他们对疾病的预期、治疗和预后不应过于乐观。重要的是记住目前没有药物可以修复长期下降的肺功能,药物治疗的主要目标是控制症状和预防并发症。
一项 Cochrane 评价发现,若自我管理干预措施中纳入针对 COPD 急性加重的行动计划,则其可改善卫生健康相关的生活质量并减少由呼吸问题所致的入院次数。一项探索性分析发现,自我管理的呼吸相关死亡率虽小,但与常规治疗相比显著增加,不过并未发现全因死亡率具有超额危险度。[83]Lenferink A, Brusse-Keizer M, van der Valk PD, et al. Self-management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;(8):CD011682.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011682.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28777450?tool=bestpractice.com
一项随机对照临床试验发现,在初级医疗卫生中,旨在促进轻度 COPD 患者行为改变的电话健康指导干预可改善患者的自我管理活动,但并未改善与卫生健康相关的生活质量。[84]Jolly K, Sidhu MS, Hewitt CA, et al. Self management of patients with mild COPD in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2018 Jun 13;361:k2241.https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2241.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29899047?tool=bestpractice.com
对于所有慢阻肺患者推荐进行体育活动。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf对随机对照临床试验进行的一项系统评价和 meta 分析发现,运动训练本身可以改善 COPD 患者的身体活动,并且通过辅以体育活动咨询可进一步改善状况。[85]Lahham A, McDonald CF, Holland AE. Exercise training alone or with the addition of activity counseling improves physical activity levels in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016 Dec 8;11:3121-36.https://www.dovepress.com/exercise-training-alone-or-with-the-addition-of-activity-counseling-im-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPDhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27994451?tool=bestpractice.com另一项系统评价和 meta 分析发现,在增加 6 分钟步行距离方面,将有氧运动和力量训练相结合比仅进行力量训练或耐力训练更有效。[86]Vooijs M, Siemonsma PC, Heus I, et al. Therapeutic validity and effectiveness of supervised physical exercise training on exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2016 Nov;30(11):1037-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26451006?tool=bestpractice.com
戒烟和疫苗
应该鼓励所有患者戒烟,同时指导如何避免职业或环境烟草暴露。
通常的戒烟项目包括咨询、互助小组和药物治疗。[87]Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, et al; Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 Jul 5;296(1):47-55.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/211000http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16820546?tool=bestpractice.com 一些患者可能需要多次转诊才能成功戒烟。戒烟能使 COPD 进展速度和肿瘤风险显著降低。肺功能:有高质量的证据证实,与常规治疗相比,戒烟干预在慢阻肺患者 1-5 年时提高 FEV1 和14.5年时降低全因病死率方面更有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 戒烟还可以降低冠心病和脑血管病的风险。针对慢阻肺患者展开包含药物治疗和高强度咨询指导进行戒烟的成功率更高且更具有成本效益,而且每质量调整生命年的花费更低。[88]Hoogendoorn M, Feenstra TL, Hoogenveen RT, et al. Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2010 Aug;65(8):711-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20685746?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Warnier MJ, van Riet EE, Rutten FH, et al. Smoking cessation strategies in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2013 Mar;41(3):727-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936706?tool=bestpractice.com[90]van Eerd EA, van der Meer RM, van Schayck OC, et al. Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 20;(8):CD010744.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010744.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27545342?tool=bestpractice.com
患者应接种流感疫苗和肺炎链球菌疫苗。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf[91]Walters JA, Tang JN, Poole P, et al. Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 24;(1):CD001390.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001390.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28116747?tool=bestpractice.com 流感疫苗接种可减少 COPD 加重。[91]Walters JA, Tang JN, Poole P, et al. Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 24;(1):CD001390.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001390.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28116747?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Kopsaftis Z, Wood-Baker R, Poole P. Influenza vaccine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 26;(6):CD002733.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002733.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29943802?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of influenza vaccine in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2235/full显示答案
黏液溶解剂
慢阻肺慢性支气管炎亚型的患者通常频繁出现浓痰。黏液溶解剂不增加不良反应,在慢阻肺急性加重期间可能有效。可以轻度减少急性加重的频率,但不能改善肺功能和生活质量。黏液溶解剂对于不使用吸入性皮质类固醇治疗的患者最有效。[93]Poole P, Chong J, Cates CJ. Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 29;(7):CD001287.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001287.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26222376?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, how do mucolytic agents compare with placebo?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.912/full显示答案 急性加重时应用呼气正压 (positive expiratory pressure, PEP) 来清除分泌物可以改善患者呼吸困难的主观感受,但不能减少住院或降低急性加重的发生率。[94]Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Miller BR, et al. The effect of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy on symptoms, quality of life and incidence of re-exacerbation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2014 Feb;69(2):137-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005444?tool=bestpractice.com
肺康复
如果患者接受支气管舒张剂治疗后仍存在症状,应开始进行肺康复治疗,并且推荐在病程早期开始进行,当患者在日常活动或平地行走出现呼吸困难时。能够有效改善运动耐量和生活质量。 [
]What are the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation after exacerbation in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1650/full显示答案 肺康复还可以减少慢阻肺相关抑郁和焦虑的发生,降低慢阻肺患者的住院率。[95]Casaburi R, ZuWallack R. Pulmonary rehabilitation for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1329-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321869?tool=bestpractice.com 训练课程终止后这种获益似乎减少,除非患者继续进行家庭训练计划。[96]Guell R, Casan P, Belda J, et al. Long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation of COPD: a randomized trial. Chest. 2000 Apr;117(4):976-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10767227?tool=bestpractice.com 家庭或社区肺康复治疗对于慢阻肺患者呼吸系统症状和生活质量的益处与医院康复治疗项目相当。[97]Maltais F, Bourbeau J, Shapiro S, et al. Effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Dec 16;149(12):869-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19075206?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Neves LF, Reis MH, Gonçalves TR. Home or community-based pulmonary rehabilitation for individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2016 Jun 20;32(6):S0102-311X2016000602001.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2016000602001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27333130?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管肺康复可缓解呼吸困难和疲乏、改善情绪功能并能在较大程度和临床意义上增强控制感,[99]McCarthy B, Casey D, Devane D, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 23;(2):CD003793.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003793.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25705944?tool=bestpractice.com 但值得注意的是,在 COPD 住院治疗期间,不推荐进行超过当前标准物理治疗实践的早期渐进性锻炼康复,这可能与较高的 12 个月死亡率相关。[100]Greening NJ, Williams JE, Hussain SF, et al. An early rehabilitation intervention to enhance recovery during hospital admission for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2014 Jul 8;349:g4315.https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4315.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25004917?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据支持在急性加重 1 个月内开始肺康复。[101]Marciniuk DD, Brooks D, Butcher S, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society COPD Committee Expert Working Group. Optimizing pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - practical issues: a Canadian Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Can Respir J. 2010 Jul-Aug;17(4):159-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20808973?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Cates CJ, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 8;(12):CD005305.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27930803?tool=bestpractice.com
GOLD 指南推荐 B 到 D 组患者进行肺康复治疗。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf
氧疗
GOLD 指南推荐对符合下列条件的稳定患者使用长期氧疗:[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf
氧疗有助于通过降低肺动脉压力而最大程度减低肺动脉高压,改善运动耐量,以及提高生活质量。已经证明它能改善生存情况。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf[103]Celli BR, MacNee W, Agusti A, et al; ATS/ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J. 2004 Jun;23(6):932-46.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/23/6/932.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15219010?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Sin DD, McAlister FA, Man SF, et al. Contemporary management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: scientific review. JAMA. 2003 Nov 5;290(17):2301-12.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/197583http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14600189?tool=bestpractice.com死亡率:有中等质量证据证明,在有严重日间低氧血症患者中,家庭氧疗比没有辅助氧疗可更有效地降低这些患者的死亡率,持续家庭氧疗比仅仅夜间家庭氧疗更有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
对于乘飞机时预计 PaO₂<6.7 kPa (<50 mmHg) 的患者,建议吸氧。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 [internet publication].https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf 这些患者在海平面室内环境中,通常 SaO₂<92%。如果不确定,可以对这些患者进行检测以评估飞行时的预计 PaO₂。
一些证据表明,运动时为轻度低氧血症和非低氧血症 COPD 患者(平时未达到家庭氧疗标准的患者)吸氧可缓解呼吸困难。[105]Ekström M, Ahmadi Z, Bornefalk-Hermansson A, et al. Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 25;(11):CD006429.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006429.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27886372?tool=bestpractice.com
手术
手术治疗(肺大疱切除术、肺减容术、[106]van Agteren JE, Hnin K, Grosser D, et al. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction procedures for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 23;(2):CD012158.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012158.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28230230?tool=bestpractice.com[107]van Agteren JE, Carson KV, Tiong LU, et al. Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 14;(10):CD001001.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001001.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27739074?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does bronchoscopic lung volume reduction compare with medical therapy in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1680/full显示答案 和肺移植)是 COPD 治疗的最后一步。进行这些手术是为了改善肺动力、运动依从性和生活质量。[108]Sutherland ER, Cherniack RM. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 24;350(26):2689-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215485?tool=bestpractice.com 支气管瓣膜植入可以在适当选择的 COPD 患者中产生临床上有意义的改善。[109]Klooster K, Slebos DJ, Zoumot Z, et al. Endobronchial valves for emphysema: an individual patient-level reanalysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2017 Nov 2;4(1):e000214.https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/4/1/e000214http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29441206?tool=bestpractice.com
肺移植转诊标准包括:[110]Weill D, Benden C, Corris PA, et al. A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014 - an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015 Jan;34(1):1-15.https://www.jhltonline.org/article/S1053-2498(14)01181-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25085497?tool=bestpractice.com
进展性疾病,尽管已进行了最大限度的治疗,包括药物治疗、肺康复和氧疗在内。
患者不是内窥镜或外科肺减容术 (lung volume reduction surgery, LVRS) 的候选人。可同时转诊 COPD 患者进行肺移植和 LVRS 评估。
体重指数 (Body mass index)、气流阻塞 (airflow Obstruction)、呼吸困难 (Dyspnoea) 和运动 (Exercise) (BODE) 指数为 5-6。
PaCO₂>50 mmHg 或 6.6 kPa 和/或 PaCO₂<60 mmHg 或 8 kPa。
FEV1<预计值的 25%。
预测慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD) 患者生存期的 BODE 指数
姑息治疗
对于一些极晚期和终末期慢阻肺患者,应当考虑姑息治疗和临终关怀。应该对患者和家属进行疾病进程的教育,并建议在疾病早期,尚未发展成急性呼吸衰竭前进行讨论。[111]Carlucci A, Guerrieri A, Nava S. Palliative care in COPD patients: is it only an end-of-life issue? Eur Respir Rev. 2012 Dec 1;21(126):347-54.http://err.ersjournals.com/content/21/126/347.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23204123?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究显示低剂量阿片类镇痛药和苯二氮䓬类是安全的,与住院率和死亡率的增加无关。[112]Ekström MP, Bornefalk-Hermansson A, Abernethy AP, et al. Safety of benzodiazepines and opioids in very severe respiratory disease: national prospective study. BMJ. 2014 Jan 30;348:g445.https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g445.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482539?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 Cochrane 评价得出结论,没有证据支持或反对苯二氮卓类药物可缓解晚期癌症患者和 COPD 患者的呼吸困难。[113]Simon ST, Higginson IJ, Booth S, et al. Benzodiazepines for the relief of breathlessness in advanced malignant and non-malignant diseases in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 20;(10):CD007354.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007354.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27764523?tool=bestpractice.com