腹股沟疝治疗仍然主要采用外科手术,因为这具有治愈可能。对于预防绞窄也很重要。
疝带
疝带是一种传统性腹股沟疝非手术疗法。可能有助于在手术修复前缓解症状。并非治愈性治疗,只应在不能承受麻醉或外科干预的患者中长期使用。
观察病情
是否所有疝均应修复尚有争论。未经治疗的腹股沟疝的自然发展过程未知。早在1896 年的文献提示,发生绞窄的风险为 2.8%。[46]Neuhauser D. Elective inguinal herniorrhaphy vs truss in the elderly. In: Bunker JP, Barnes BA, Mosteller F, eds. Cost, risks and benefits of surgery. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1977:223-239.对 720 名最轻症状性或无症状腹股沟疝男性患者进行手术修补或观察病情至少 2 年的一份随机对照试验提供了更好的信息。在分配至观察组的患者中,23% 的患者因症状发展(通常为不适)转至手术修补。在指定接受手术治疗的患者中,17% 的患者转至观察等待。仅两名患者发生嵌顿。[47]Fitzgibbons RJ Jr, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gibbs JO, et al. Watchful waiting vs repair of inguinal hernia in minimally symptomatic men: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006;295:285-292.http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/295/3/285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418463?tool=bestpractice.com根据这些发现,观察病情对于轻症状性或无症状性腹股沟疝是一种安全的治疗策略。[27]Fitzgibbons RJ Jr, Filipi CJ, Quinn TH. Inguinal hernias. In: Brunicardi C, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.[47]Fitzgibbons RJ Jr, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gibbs JO, et al. Watchful waiting vs repair of inguinal hernia in minimally symptomatic men: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006;295:285-292.http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/295/3/285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418463?tool=bestpractice.com肠梗阻和绞窄等急性疝并发症很少发生,有症状的患者发生手术并发症的风险并不会比那些进行预防性疝修补术的患者高。一段时间后,许多患者都会因为症状加重而进行选择性修补术。[48]Mizrahi H, Parker MC. Management of asymptomatic inguinal hernia: a systematic review of the evidence. Arch Surg. 2012;147:277-281.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430913?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Fitzgibbons RJ Jr, Ramanan B, Arya S, et al. Long-term results of a randomized controlled trial of a nonoperative strategy (watchful waiting) for men with minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias. Ann Surg. 2013;258:508-515.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24022443?tool=bestpractice.com
手术
与非网片修补术相比,开放式无张力腹股沟疝修补术的使用可降低复发率。[50]McCormack K, Scorr NW, Go PM, et al. EU hernia Trialists Collaboration. Laparoscopic techniques versus open techniques for inguinal hernia repair. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD001785.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001785/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12535413?tool=bestpractice.com成人原发性单侧腹股沟疝复发:小样本数据证据表明,开放式网片修补术在降低疝复发方面比开放式缝合修补术更有效。但是,也有其他小样本数据证据显示,开放式网片修补术在预防疝复发方面与经腹膜前补片植入术 (TAPP) 和全腹膜外补片植入术 (TEP) 腹腔镜下修补同样有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。根据外科医生的经验和患者的意愿决定采用开放式修补术还是腹腔镜下修补。两种方法的风险和并发症各有不同。[51]O'Reilly EA, Burke JP, O'Connell PR. A meta-analysis of surgical morbidity and recurrence after laparoscopic and open repair of primary unilateral inguinal hernia. Ann Surg. 2012;255:846-853.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22470068?tool=bestpractice.com开放式手术是最常见的选择,占腹股沟疝修补术的大部分比例。[3]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia repair. 2004. http://guidance.nice.org.uk (last accessed 3 August 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA83[52]Neumayer L, Giobbie-Hurder A, Jonasson O, et al. Open mesh versus laparoscopic mesh repair of inguinal hernia. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1819-1827.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa040093#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15107485?tool=bestpractice.com最有效的证据表明,对于单边原发性疝,开放式术式优于腹腔镜。腹腔镜下修补具有较长的学习周期,将一大张网片置入腹膜前间隙中,但是它可能会影响以后的膀胱或前列腺手术。[52]Neumayer L, Giobbie-Hurder A, Jonasson O, et al. Open mesh versus laparoscopic mesh repair of inguinal hernia. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1819-1827.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa040093#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15107485?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Haifler M, Benjamin B, Ghinea R, Avital S. The impact of previous laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair on radical prostatectomy. J Endourol. 2012;26:1458-1462.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788410?tool=bestpractice.com
聚丙烯网片是用于疝修补术的最流行假体材料。采用足够大的补片至关重要。采用较新的轻质聚丙烯网片以替代较重的旧网片可能有好处,但这一点尚不明确。[54]Li J, Ji Z, Cheng T. Lightweight versus heavyweight in inguinal hernia repair: a meta-analysis. Hernia. 2012;16:529-539.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22689249?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Sajid MS, Leaver C, Baig MK, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of lightweight versus heavyweight mesh. Br J Surg. 2012;99:29-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038579?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Burgmans JP, Voorbrood CE, Simmermacher RK, et al. Long-term results of a randomized double-blinded prospective trial of a lightweight (Ultrapro) versus a heavyweight mesh (Prolene) in laparoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TULP-trial). Ann Surg. 2016;263:862-866.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779980?tool=bestpractice.com低成本蚊帐已成功用于撒哈拉以南非洲的低收入国家,也可用于发展中国家。[57]Löfgren J, Nordin P, Ibingira C, et al. A randomized trial of low-cost mesh in groin hernia repair. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:146-153.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1505126http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760085?tool=bestpractice.com必须移除受感染的网片。受感染网片移除后疝复发并未增多。[58]Rehman S, Khan S, Pervaiz A, et al. Recurrence of inguinal herniae following removal of infected prostheses. Hernia. 2012:16:123-126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858435?tool=bestpractice.com
术后感染性疝修补术应采用的从动物皮肤或猪肠粘膜上获取的生物材料。在这种情况下,局部组织的采用与高复发率有关,而标准的生物网片则与显著性感染风险有关。生物材料通常并不用于择期腹股沟疝修补术。
原发性组织或腹股沟疝的非网片式修补术仍然较常见并为患者所接受,特别是在儿童和青少年患者中。然而,复发率较高。现在网片式修补术,对于开放式还是腹腔镜下均是复发性疝的标准治疗方法。[59]Wantz GE, Fischer E. Unilateral giant prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac. In: Bendavid R, ed. Abdominal wall hernias. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2001:219-227.[60]Itani KM, Fitzgibbons R Jr, Awad SS, et al. Management of recurrent inguinal hernias. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209:653-658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19854408?tool=bestpractice.com非网片式修补术用于存在肠坏死的肠梗阻或绞窄患者;在这种情况下,更应关注污染(肠未坏死的嵌顿性疝可进行网式修补术)。
嵌顿性或绞窄性疝
疝内容物无法回纳至腹腔中时则发生难复性疝。穿过疝环的肠或网膜会水肿,从而导致进一步肿胀并使肠腔中液体回流被阻隔。这会导致血液供应受阻,出现绞窄性疝。如有质软并触痛感、嵌顿性疝痛,则需采取紧急手术治疗。对于服用镇静剂的患者,嵌顿性疝有时可以被还纳,但需要小心操作以免将坏死部分的肠随疝囊推进腹腔(整体疝)。
绞窄性疝属于外科急诊。通常需要充足的液体复苏、鼻胃插管及导尿。如果肠未坏死,可采用网片补料重新巩固修复。如果发现肠坏死,则在非网片式疝修补术时,还需进行剖腹手术和肠切除术。
预防性抗生素疗法
简单的疝修补术期间是否要采用抗生素预防尚有争议。对于糖尿病或尿毒症或病态肥胖患者,可考虑预防复发性疝。一项大型回顾性研究未能证明抗生素预防可有效降低术后感染。但是后续研究发现,这可降低 50% 手术部位感染率。[61]Gilbert AI, Felton LL. Infection in inguinal repair considering biomaterials and antibiotics [published correction appears in Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;177:528]. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;177:126-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8251018?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Sanabria A, Domínguez LC, Valdivieso E, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for mesh inguinal hernioplasty: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2007;245:392-396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1877016/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17435546?tool=bestpractice.com另外一份荟萃分析得出结论:例行腹股沟疝修补术期间进行抗生素预防并不能防止伤口感染。[63]Aufenacker TJ, Koelemay MJ, Gouma DJ, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in prevention of wound infection after mesh repair of abdominal wall hernia. Br J Surg. 2006;93:5-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16252314?tool=bestpractice.com另一份荟萃分析发现,创伤感染有小幅但显著性下降;但是研究人员并不推荐作为常规预防。[64]Liang, Z. Effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotic administration for inguinal hernia repair with biological patch: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. 2011;15:8869-8872.在缺乏明确证据的情况下,美国各地采用第一代头孢菌素进行单剂量抗菌预防。
预防复发
据报告,开放式原发性组织修补术后斜疝的复发率介于 1%~7%,而直疝的复发率则介于 4%~10%。在熟练操作的前提下,网片式修补术(无论是开放式还是腹腔镜下)后的复发率则较低,为 1%~2%。[55]Sajid MS, Leaver C, Baig MK, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of lightweight versus heavyweight mesh. Br J Surg. 2012;99:29-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038579?tool=bestpractice.com腹腔镜下修补术后的复发疝最好采用开放式前路网片修补术进行治疗;反之亦然。[60]Itani KM, Fitzgibbons R Jr, Awad SS, et al. Management of recurrent inguinal hernias. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209:653-658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19854408?tool=bestpractice.com