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Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M, et al. Functional disorders: children and adolescents. Gastroenterology. 2016 May;150(6):1456-68.

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Levitt MA, Pena A. Anorectal malformations. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jul 26;2:33.

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Bongers ME, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Jan;44(1):5-13.

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Ambartsumyan L, Nurko S. Review of organic causes of fecal incontinence in children: evaluation and treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Sep;7(7):657-67.

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Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Review article: faecal incontinence in children: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Jan;37(1):37-48.

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1.  Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M, et al. Functional disorders: children and adolescents. Gastroenterology. 2016 May;150(6):1456-68.

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2.  Masi P, Miele E, Staiano A. Pediatric anorectal disorders. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;37(3):709-30.

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3.  Wyndaele JJ, Kovindha A, Igawa Y, et al. Neurologic fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):207-12.

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4.  Bellman M. Studies on encopresis. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1966:Suppl 170:S7-151.

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6.  Benninga MA, Buller HA, Heymans HS, et al. Is encopresis always the result of constipation? Arch Dis Child. 1994 Sep;71(3):186-93.

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7.  Levitt MA, Pena A. Anorectal malformations. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jul 26;2:33.

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8.  Mills JL, Konkin DE, Milner R, et al. Long-term bowel function and quality of life in children with Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 May;43(5):899-905.

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9.  Zickler CF, Richardson V. Achieving continence in children with neurogenic bowel and bladder. J Pediatr Health Care. 2004 Nov-Dec;18(6):276-83.

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10.  Bongers ME, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA. Functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Jan;44(1):5-13.

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11.  Ambartsumyan L, Nurko S. Review of organic causes of fecal incontinence in children: evaluation and treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Sep;7(7):657-67.

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12.  Dasgupta R, Langer JC. Evaluation and management of persistent problems after surgery for Hirschsprung disease in a child. J Pedatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 Jan;46(1):13-9.

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13.  Krebs NF, Baker RD, Bhatia JJ, et al. Carbohydrate and dietary fiber. In: Kleinman RE, ed. Pediatric nutrition handbook. 5th ed. Elk Grove, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2004:247-59.

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16.  Rockney RM, McQuade WH, Days AL. The plain abdominal roentgenogram in the management of encopresis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995 Jun;149(6):623-7.

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17.  Starreveld JS, Pols MA, Van Wijk HJ, et al. The plain abdominal radiograph in the assessment of constipation. Z Gastroenterol. 1990 Jul;28(7):335-8.

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18.  Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Review article: faecal incontinence in children: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Jan;37(1):37-48.

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19.  Feldman T, Wershil BK. In brief: Hirschsprung disease. Pediatr Rev. 2006 Aug;27(8):e56-7.

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20.  Cowlam S, Vinayagam R, Khan U, et al. Blinded comparison of faecal loading on plain radiography versus radio-opaque marker transit studies in the assessment of constipation. Clin Radiol. 2008 Dec;63(12):1326-31.

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21.  Sharma A, Poddar U, Yaccha SK. Time to recognize atypical celiac disease in Indian children. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov-Dec;26(6):269-73.

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22.  Noviello C, Cobellis G, Papparella A, et al. Role of anorectal manometry in children with severe constipation. Colorectal Dis. 2009 Jun;11(5):480-4.

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23.  Schizas AM, Emmanuel AV, Williams AB, et al. Anal canal vector volume manometry. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Jun;54(6):759-68.

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24.  Abrams P, Andersson KE, Birder L, et al. Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: Evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(1):213-40.

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25.  Bischoff A, Levitt MA, Pena A. Bowel management for the treatment of pediatric fecal incontinence. Pediatr Surg Int. 2009 Dec;25(12):1027-42.

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26.  Brazzelli M, Griffiths PV, Cody JD, et al. Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD002240.

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27.  Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MA. Pathophysiology of pediatric fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2004 Jan;126(1 Suppl 1):S33-40.

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28.  Mousa HM, van den Berg MM, Caniano DA, et al. Cecostomy in children with defecation disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Jan;51(1):154-60.

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29.  Wong AL, Kravarusic D, Wong SL. Impact of cecostomy and antegrade colonic enemas on management of fecal incontinence and constipation: ten years of experience in pediatric population. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Aug;43(8):1445-51.

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30.  Voskuijl WP, van Ginkel R, Taminiau JA, et al. Loperamide suppositories in an adolescent with childhood-onset functional non-retentive fecal soiling. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Aug;37(2):198-200.

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31.  Deutekom M, Dobben A. Plugs for containing faecal incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 20;(7):CD005086.

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32.  Tack J, van Outryve M, Beyens G, et al. Prucalopride (Resolor) in the treatment of severe chronic constipation in patients dissatisfied with laxatives. Gut. 2009 Mar;58(3):357-65.

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33.  Owen RT. Lubiprostone: a novel treatment for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008 Sep;44(9):645-52.

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34.  Irani K, Rodriguez L, Doody DP, et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic constipation in children with internal anal sphincter dysfunction. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008 Jul;24(7):779-83.

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35.  Youssef NN, Pensabene L, Barksdale E Jr, et al. Is there a role for surgery beyond colonic aganglionosis and anorectal malformation in children with intractable constipation? J Pediatr Surg. 2004 Jan;39(1):73-7.

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36.  Emmanuel A. Review of the efficacy and safety of transanal irrigation for neurogenic bowel dysfunction. Spinal Cord. 2010 Sep;48(9):664-73.

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37.  Voskuijl WP, Reitsma JB, van Ginkel R, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of children with functional nonretentive fecal incontinence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jan;4(1):67-72.

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38.  Kovacic K, Sood MR, Mugie S, et al. A multicenter study on childhood constipation and fecal incontinence: effects on quality of life. J Pediatr. 2015 Jun;166(6):1482-7.

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39.  Nield LS, Kamat D. Prevention, diagnosis, and management of diaper dermatitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Jul;46(6):480-6.

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