只有当乳糖酶缺乏表现为乳糖不耐受的临床综合征时才应进行治疗。[1]Matthews SB, Waud JP, Roberts AG, et al. Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem. Postgrad Med J. 2005 Mar;81(953):167-73.https://pmj.bmj.com/content/81/953/167.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15749792?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Heyman MB; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Lomer ME, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD. Lactose intolerance in clinical practice - myths and realities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 15;27(2):93-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17956597?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Montalto M, Curigliano V, Santoro L, et al. Management and treatment of lactose malabsorption. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 14;12(2):187-91.https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i2/187.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16482616?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有严重乳糖不耐受者坚持无乳糖膳食并不容易,且膳食的改变可导致钙和其它营养素的缺乏。 应当鼓励患者了解常见食物的乳糖含量。University of Virginia Digestive Health Center: lactose content of common dairy foods 诊断时应请营养师会诊(之后每年一次);如果症状一直持续提示有隐性乳糖来源时也应咨询营养师。营养师不但强调患者需长期食用低乳糖(或无乳糖)乳制品,而且还建议患者采用富含钙和维生素 D 的饮食。[50]Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al; Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1911-30.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/7/1911/2833671http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646368?tool=bestpractice.com[51]The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) recommendations on vitamin D. Independent report: SACN vitamin D and health report. Jul 2016 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-vitamin-d-and-health-report 尽管缺乏证据支持对乳糖不耐受患者补充钙和维生素 D 的有效性,[52]Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, et al. Lactose intolerance in adults: biological mechanism and dietary management. Nutrients. 2015 Sep 18;7(9):8020-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586575/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393648?tool=bestpractice.com 但大多数临床医生在实践中支持这种方法。
关于以其它营养素来源进行替代以保持足够的能量和蛋白质摄入的建议也非常重要。
与钙和维生素D缺乏有关的严重疾病以及双能X线扫描显示骨量减少的患者,需要额外的钙和维生素D补充。
原发性乳糖酶缺乏
治疗包括限制含乳糖的食物、使用乳糖酶处理过的乳制品、口服乳糖酶补充剂或去除乳制品和非乳制品中的乳糖。[1]Matthews SB, Waud JP, Roberts AG, et al. Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem. Postgrad Med J. 2005 Mar;81(953):167-73.https://pmj.bmj.com/content/81/953/167.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15749792?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Heyman MB; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Lomer ME, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD. Lactose intolerance in clinical practice - myths and realities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 15;27(2):93-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17956597?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Montalto M, Curigliano V, Santoro L, et al. Management and treatment of lactose malabsorption. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 14;12(2):187-91.https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i2/187.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16482616?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Farup PG, Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO. Lactose malabsorption in a population with irritable bowel syndrome: prevalence and symptoms. A case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jul;39(7):645-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15370685?tool=bestpractice.com
人群中乳糖的阈值各不相同。 大多数患者每天可以耐受一杯牛奶(240ml = 11g乳糖),[54]Suchy FJ, Brannon PM, Carpenter TO, et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference: lactose intolerance and health. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jun 15;152(12):792-6.http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/745834/national-institutes-health-consensus-development-conference-lactose-intolerance-healthhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20404261?tool=bestpractice.com 然而其他人群从一条巧克力获得 2-3 g 乳糖后就会出现症状。[27]Suarez FL, Savaiano D, Arbisi P, et al. Tolerance to the daily ingestion of two cups of milk by individuals claiming lactose intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 May;65(5):1502-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9129483?tool=bestpractice.com 把每天摄入的牛奶分成数份以及与其它食物一起摄入会有帮助。 一些研究显示乳糖不耐受的个体可以每天摄入1~2杯牛奶或等量的奶油、冰激淋或酸奶而没有明显的症状。[9]Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB. The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Oct;48(4 Suppl):1079-159.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3140651?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Suarez F, Levitt MD. Abdominal symptoms and lactose: the discrepancy between patients' claims and the results of blinded trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Aug;64(2):251-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8694029?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Suarez FL, Savaiano D, Arbisi P, et al. Tolerance to the daily ingestion of two cups of milk by individuals claiming lactose intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 May;65(5):1502-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9129483?tool=bestpractice.com[55]He T, Priebe MG, Zhong Y, et al. Effects of yogurt and bifidobacteria supplementation on the colonic microbiota in lactose-intolerant subjects. J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Feb;104(2):595-604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927751?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Eadala P, Waud JP, Matthews SB, et al. Quantifying the "hidden" lactose in drugs used for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Mar 15;29(6):677-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19035974?tool=bestpractice.com可被耐受的乳糖量:有中等质量的证据显示声称有严重的乳糖不耐受的乳糖吸收不良者可以耐受每日240mL牛奶,仅有轻微不耐受症状。[57]Suarez FL, Savaiano DA, Levitt MD. A comparison of symptoms after the consumption of milk or lactose-hydrolyzed milk by people with self-reported severe lactose intolerance. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jul 6;333(1):1-4.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199507063330101http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7776987?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
一旦做出了诊断,患者应仔细尝试各种食物来找到他们的乳糖阈值。
建议患者一开始采用无乳糖膳食来诱导缓解,然后继续采用低乳糖(或偶尔无乳糖)膳食,取决于个体的乳糖阈值。
大多数的硬乳酪乳糖含量相当低且含有较多的钙。[2]Heyman MB; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com
活性酸奶、凝乳和乳酪有较好的耐受性因为在制作过程中乳糖被细菌部分水解,且由于这类产品有一定的粘稠度所以胃排空较慢。
牛奶和谷物的混合物也延迟乳糖进入肠道且有较好的耐受性。
无乳糖和低乳糖牛奶(例如,豆奶、椰奶、燕麦奶和谷物奶)在市场上均可买到[2]Heyman MB; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Vandenplas Y, De Greef E, Devreker T, et al. Soy infant formula: is it that bad? Acta Paediatr. 2011 Feb;100(2):162-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860705?tool=bestpractice.com
一些患者通过逐渐增加牛奶的摄入可以提高他们对乳糖的耐受性。 虽然这不能增加乳糖酶活性,但可让肠道菌群得到适应。[7]Hertzler SR, Savaiano DA. Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Aug;64(2):232-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8694025?tool=bestpractice.com
特别的,有严重乳糖不耐受的患者应积极发现和和避免含乳糖的乳制品和非乳制品。 必须指导患者(或其双亲)去阅读商业制备的食物、饮料和药物(乳糖被广泛用于药物的膨胀剂或填充剂)的配料标签。[1]Matthews SB, Waud JP, Roberts AG, et al. Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem. Postgrad Med J. 2005 Mar;81(953):167-73.https://pmj.bmj.com/content/81/953/167.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15749792?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Eadala P, Waud JP, Matthews SB, et al. Quantifying the "hidden" lactose in drugs used for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Mar 15;29(6):677-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19035974?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Moore BJ. Dairy foods: are they politically correct? Nutr Today. 2003 May-Jun;38(3):82-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12813186?tool=bestpractice.com 许多加工食品和方便食品,以及一些减肥食品,乳糖含量较高但却无相应标记。一些对可发酵寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇 (FODMAP) 含量低的饮食有反应的肠易激综合征患者可能会随着乳糖和 FODMAP 的减少而出现胃肠症状改善。[52]Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, et al. Lactose intolerance in adults: biological mechanism and dietary management. Nutrients. 2015 Sep 18;7(9):8020-35.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586575/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393648?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Zheng X, Chu H, Cong Y, et al. Self-reported lactose intolerance in clinic patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on food choices. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015 Aug;27(8):1138-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26095206?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 乳糖去除膳食需避免的食物成分Dr Mohammad Azam 改编自: Lomer ME, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD.Lactose intolerance in clinical practice - myths and realities.Aliment Pharmacol Ther.2008;27:93-103 [Citation ends].
对于显著减少乳糖摄入的患者可能有必要采用补充剂和辅助治疗。
乳糖酶制剂容易买到,且可以让乳糖不耐受者能够自由摄入部分或全部牛奶制品。 补充来自真菌的乳糖酶特别有效,耐受性好。[61]Montalto M, Nucera G, Santoro L, et al. Effect of exogenous beta-galactosidase in patients with lactose malabsorption and intolerance: a crossover double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;59(4):489-93.https://www.nature.com/articles/1602098http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674309?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Ojetti V, Gigante G, Gabrielli M, et al. The effect of oral supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri or tilactase in lactose intolerant patients: randomized trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2010 Mar;14(3):163-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20391953?tool=bestpractice.com
含乳糖酶的益生菌也可以帮助乳糖消化。[55]He T, Priebe MG, Zhong Y, et al. Effects of yogurt and bifidobacteria supplementation on the colonic microbiota in lactose-intolerant subjects. J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Feb;104(2):595-604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927751?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,对这些制剂的潜在益处的研究评估出现了一些不一致的结果且它们的作用尚不明确。
在美国,美国儿科学会支持使用乳制品作为对骨矿健康有益的重要钙来源以及其它促进儿童和青少年成长的营养素的来源。[2]Heyman MB; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 在美国推荐足够的膳食钙摄入Dr Mohammad Azam 改编自: Greer FR, Krebs NF; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Optimizing bone health and calcium intakes of infants, children, and adolescents.Pediatrics.2006;117:578-585 [Citation ends]. 虽然乳糖吸收不良并不导致钙吸收不良,但回避乳制品可能影响获得最理想的骨矿化。[63]Jackson KA, Savaiano DA. Lactose maldigestion, calcium intake, and osteoporosis in African-, Asian-, and Hispanic-Americans. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Apr;20(2 Suppl):198-207S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349943?tool=bestpractice.com 当乳制品被去除或显著减少时,所减少的钙摄入应使用其它富含钙的食物或钙补充剂来补偿。[2]Heyman MB; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Greer FR, Krebs NF; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Optimizing bone health and calcium intakes of infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Feb;117(2):578-85.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/117/2/578.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452385?tool=bestpractice.com
对于限制牛奶摄入的患者,应当根据当地医疗规程,考虑补充维生素 D,每 6 至 12 个月监测一次维生素 D 状况。[50]Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al; Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1911-30.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/7/1911/2833671http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646368?tool=bestpractice.com[51]The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) recommendations on vitamin D. Independent report: SACN vitamin D and health report. Jul 2016 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-vitamin-d-and-health-report
继发性乳糖酶缺乏
由于潜在疾病引起的继发性乳糖酶缺乏和乳糖吸收不良的治疗包括针对潜在疾病(例如,小肠损伤、急性胃肠炎、小肠细菌过度生长、乳糜泻、癌症化疗或其它损伤小肠黏膜的原因)的治疗。 通常这些患者无需限制膳食中的乳糖,虽然一些有明显症状的患者可能需要暂时限制乳制品的摄入以改善症状。 这些患者也可能需要补充乳糖酶、钙和维生素D以及营养专家的咨询。 原发病缓解后,一般可正常摄入含有乳糖的制品。[2]Heyman MB; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Srinivasan R, Minocha A. When to suspect lactose intolerance. Symptomatic, ethnic, and laboratory clues. Postgrad Med. 1998 Sep;104(3):109-11,115-6,122-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742907?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Montalto M, Curigliano V, Santoro L, et al. Management and treatment of lactose malabsorption. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan 14;12(2):187-91.https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i2/187.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16482616?tool=bestpractice.com 含有长双歧杆菌和粪肠球菌的益生菌可有效纠正感染后肠易激综合征患者的乳糖酶缺乏,但这仍有待于更大型的研究验证。[65]Ruchkina IN, Fadeeva NA, Parfenov AI, et al. The role of small bowel microflora in the development of secondary lactase deficiency and the possibilities of its treatment with probiotics [in Russian]. Ter Arkh. 2013;85(2):21-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23653934?tool=bestpractice.com
发育性乳糖酶缺乏
推荐对所有早产儿进行母乳喂养和/或含乳糖配方奶喂养。对出现乳糖不耐受症状的婴儿可持续给予乳糖酶补充剂数周至 2 个月。由于没有证据显示母乳或含乳糖的配方奶对于早产婴儿有短期或长期的有害作用,所以乳糖酶补充剂可以与母乳或含乳糖的配方奶一起给予。含乳糖配方奶和母乳的应用:有中等质量的证据显示含乳糖配方奶和母乳对有发育性乳糖酶缺乏的早产婴儿无短期或长期的有害影响。[66]Erasmus HD, Ludwig-Auser HM, Paterson PG, et al. Enhanced weight gain in preterm infants receiving lactase-treated feeds: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2002 Oct;141(4):532-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12378193?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 仅对于有严重乳糖不耐受症状的患儿推荐回避含乳糖的配方奶和母乳;如果需要,仅推荐极短期回避。
关于减少乳糖摄入和使用乳糖酶补充剂有益作用的证据有限。短期使用乳糖酶补充剂或低乳糖配方奶:有中等质量证据显示出现发育性乳糖酶缺乏的早产婴儿短期使用乳糖酶补充剂或低乳糖配方奶可获益。[2]Heyman MB; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):1279-86.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
随着肠道黏膜的成熟,发育性疾病迅速改善。 即使有症状,症状仅持续几周,因此这类患者无需钙、维生素D补充剂和营养专家的咨询。 几周至2个月之后乳糖可重新被引入,这取决于婴儿早产的程度。
先天性乳糖酶缺乏
如果没有早期的识别和迅速的治疗,先天性乳糖酶缺乏是可能威胁生命的。 腹泻的初始治疗包括静脉补充液体和电解质。 唯一的治疗是从出生起完全回避乳糖。 治疗持续终生且包括从膳食中除去乳糖以及用无乳糖配方膳食商品来代替。
这类患者需要营养专家咨询并有可能需要补充钙和维生素D。