结肠缺血常见于患有共存疾病的老年人。[4]Newman JR, Cooper MA. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding and ischemic colitis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2002;16:597-600.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12362211?tool=bestpractice.com 一项系统评价发现的 4 项研究报告了一般人群发病率,其中 3 项研究报告的发病率在 4.5-9 例/100,000 人年之间,另一项研究报告的发病率为 44 例/100,000 人年。由于许多轻症患者未就诊,这些研究可能低估了真实发病率。[5]Higgins PD, Davis KJ, Laine L. Systematic review: the epidemiology of ischaemic colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:729-738.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15043513?tool=bestpractice.com 肠易激综合征、近期心血管手术、便秘和其他因素可以使结肠缺血的发生风险增加 2-4 倍。[5]Higgins PD, Davis KJ, Laine L. Systematic review: the epidemiology of ischaemic colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:729-738.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15043513?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Chang L, Kahler KH, Sarawate C, et al. Assessment of potential risk factors associated with ischaemic colitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20:36-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17919313?tool=bestpractice.com
急性肠系膜缺血约占住院患者的 0.1%。[7]Stoney RJ, Cunningham CG. Acute mesenteric ischemia. Surgery. 1993;114:489-490.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8367801?tool=bestpractice.com 一项瑞典的研究发现,1970 年至 1982 年间急性血栓栓塞阻塞肠系膜上动脉的总发病率为 8.6 例/100,000 人年,对于年龄>85岁的老人,发病率增加至 216.5 例/100,000 人年。[8]Acosta S, Ogren M, Sternby NH, et al. Incidence of acute thrombo-embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery--a population-based study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;27:145-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14718895?tool=bestpractice.com 该病更常见于存在合并症的患者中,最突出的是房颤、心梗和动脉粥样硬化。非闭塞性肠系膜缺血 (non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia, NOMI) 占急性肠系膜缺血的 20% - 30%。[9]Montgomery RA, Venbrux AC, Bulkley GB. Mesenteric vascular insufficiency. Curr Probl Surg. 1997;34:941-1025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9427869?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Kaleya RN, Boley SJ. Acute mesenteric vasular disease. In: Veith FJ, et al, eds. Vascular surgery: principles and practice. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994:762-780. NOMI 的总发病率为 2 例/100,000 人年,对于年龄>80 岁以上老年患者,发病率增加至 40 例/100,000 人年。[11]Acosta S, Ogren M, Sternby NH, et al. Fatal nonocclusive mesenteric ischaemia: population-based incidence and risk factors. J Intern Med. 2006;259:305-313.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476108?tool=bestpractice.com