急性荨麻疹病程较短,慢性荨麻疹病程较长,可能严重影响生活质量。但是,无论病程长短,抗组胺药都是治疗荨麻疹的一线治疗药物。超过90%的荨麻疹患者(急性和慢性)均对抗组胺治疗反应良好。但是,慢性荨麻疹患者常需要辅助其他治疗以有效控制病情。
急性荨麻疹伴/不伴血管性水肿
急性荨麻疹具有自限性。一旦确定诱因,应严格避免,包括限制饮食,停用或更换致敏药物,及去除物理性刺激等。
非镇静类抗组胺药可有效治疗急性荨麻疹。目前尚无前瞻性对照研究评估全身应用皮质类固醇治疗荨麻疹,[15]Powell RJ, Leech SC, Till S, et al. BSACI guideline for the management of chronic urticaria and angioedema. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:547-565.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cea.12494/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25711134?tool=bestpractice.com但皮质类固醇仍被用于治疗。当荨麻疹严重发作时,短期应用皮质类固醇常用于辅助抗组胺药治疗。
荨麻疹若合并血管性水肿需及时、积极治疗。虽然血管性水肿常在数小时内发展起来,但突然迅速进展也会发生。此类患者,尤其是血管性水肿累及颈部、面部、口唇和舌时,需住院治疗,及时给予肾上腺素。若喘鸣音明显,或马上就要发生窒息,则具有紧急气管插管指征。若不符合气管插管指征,也应迅速选择其他气道干预措施,防止这种紧急情况继续发展。这时可请麻醉科医师会诊。若常规手段失败,应在能够转为用纤支镜引导插管、气管切开术或紧急环甲软骨切开术的机构,由有经验的医师对插管困难者插管。若血管性水肿并不严重,患者仍需住院治疗,密切观察和监测病情。
若患者在院外接受肾上腺素注射,则需立即前往急救中心寻求医生帮助。对于具有伴头颈部血管性水肿的荨麻疹病史的患者,应开具 2 支可自行注射的肾上腺素器械处方,并指导患者如何使用。[17]Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, et al. Anaphylaxis--a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115:341-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26505932?tool=bestpractice.comβ阻滞剂可干预肾上腺素的作用,因此有荨麻疹和血管性水肿的患者这时应停用此类药物。
慢性荨麻疹伴/不伴血管性水肿
同急性荨麻疹,慢性荨麻疹的治疗包括避免已知诱因,这对物理性荨麻疹患者尤为重要。但较急性荨麻疹,慢性荨麻疹的明确诱因很少。大剂量非镇静类抗组胺药是慢性荨麻疹的一线治疗,必要时可短期应用皮质类固醇。免疫调节剂如环孢素、柳氮磺吡啶、羟氯喹或甲氨蝶呤等也可应用。有文献报道奥马利珠单抗对部分难治性慢性荨麻疹有效。[18]Maurer M, Rosén K, Hsieh HJ, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:924-935.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432142?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Saini S, Rosen KE, Hsieh HJ, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of single-dose omalizumab in patients with H1-antihistamine-refractory chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:567-573.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762974?tool=bestpractice.com心理社会压力也在慢性荨麻疹患者中起重要作用,但机制不明。[20]Shertzer CL, Lookingbill DP. The effects of relaxation therapy and hypnotizability in chronic urticaria. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123:197-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3300566?tool=bestpractice.com应鼓励和教育患者如何管理压力以更好地控制疾病症状。另外,其他潜在疾病需合理治疗,这样也可缓解荨麻疹的症状。例如有病例报道用甲状腺激素替代治疗甲状腺自身免疫病可缓解伴随的荨麻疹症状。[21]Rumbyrt JS, Katz JL, Schocket AL. Resolution of chronic urticaria in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;96:901-905.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8543747?tool=bestpractice.com[22]O'Donnell BF, Francis DM, Swana GT, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity in chronic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:331-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16086744?tool=bestpractice.com类似的,有活动性幽门螺杆菌感染的慢性荨麻疹患者,其荨麻疹的症状可因三联抗感染治疗而缓解。虽然这些潜在疾病并不直接导致荨麻疹,但可加重荨麻疹,使得对症治疗更为困难。
无荨麻疹的血管性水肿:药物诱导性或获得性
无荨麻疹的急性血管性水肿发作期治疗类似于伴荨麻疹的血管性水肿。若水肿累及颈部、面部、舌或口唇,患者需住院治疗,及时给予肾上腺素和气道保护。然后静脉给予H1受体拮抗剂。有时可辅以静脉给予皮质类固醇。若水肿发生在上述部位以外的其他部位,首选口服H1受体拮抗剂,若血管性水肿极为严重可辅以口服皮质类固醇和肾上腺素。
对于无荨麻疹的进行性血管性水肿的治疗取决于精确的诊断。药物诱导性血管性水肿的治疗关键是明确并停用诱发药物,同时给予抗组胺药(有时可加用皮质类固醇)以缓解症状。只要避免应用诱发药物,一旦症状缓解即可停止治疗。
大多数慢性血管性水肿的一线治疗仍为抗组胺药。必要时可辅以其他药物。除使用足量抗组胺药,可加用白三烯受体拮抗剂,但其辅助作用有限。[23]Di Lorenzo G, Pacor ML, Mansueto P, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing desloratadine and montelukast in monotherapy and desloratadine plus montelukast in combined therapy for chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:619-625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15356567?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Nettis E, Colanardi MC, Paradiso MT, et al. Desloratadine in combination with montelukast in the treatment of chronic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:1401-1407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15347373?tool=bestpractice.com若慢性特发性荨麻疹应用大剂量抗组胺药物和白三烯受体拮抗剂无效,专业医生可选用以下抗炎和免疫调节剂的一种:羟氯喹、柳氮磺吡啶、秋水仙碱、氨苯砜、硫唑嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、环孢素和静脉注射免疫球蛋白。[15]Powell RJ, Leech SC, Till S, et al. BSACI guideline for the management of chronic urticaria and angioedema. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:547-565.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cea.12494/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25711134?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Morgan M, Khan DA. Therapeutic alternatives for chronic urticaria: an evidence-based review, part 2. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100:517-526.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592813?tool=bestpractice.com
遗传性血管性水肿
若水肿累及面、舌、口唇或气道,需及时评估和气道保护。对症处理依据累及部位的不同而不同。例如,四肢水肿可能导致活动障碍,需给予疼痛药物。胃肠道累及需给予止吐药。研究显示血浆来源的C1酯酶抑制剂浓缩物、血浆激肽释放酶抑制剂(艾卡拉肽ecallantide)或缓激肽B2受体拮抗剂(艾替班特icatibant)在急性发作期有效。[26]Zuraw BL, Busse PJ, White M, et al. Nanofiltered C1 inhibitor concentrate for treatment of hereditary angioedema. NEJM 2010;363:513-522.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0805538http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818886?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Nussberger J, Cugno M, Amstutz C. Plasma bradykinin in angio-oedema. Lancet 1998;351:1693-1697.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9734886?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Cicardi M, Levy RJ, McNeil DL, et al. Ecallantide for the treatment of acute attacks in hereditary angioedema. NEJM 2010;363:523-531.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0905079http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818887?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Bork K, Meng G, Staubach P. Treatment with C1 inhibitor concentrate in abdominal pain attacks of patients with hereditary angioedema. Transfusion 2005;45:1774-1784.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271103?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Bork K, Barnstedt SE. Treatment of 193 episodes of laryngeal edema with C1 inhibitor concentrate in patients with hereditary angioedema. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161:714-718http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/161/5/714http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11231704?tool=bestpractice.com这三种药物均被FDA批准用于治疗急性发作期遗传性血管性水肿。新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)也被认为有效,但其应用仍受到争议,因FFP含有补体蛋白,理论上可能会加重病情。随着新治疗方法的出现,应用FFP的唯一指征是其他药物均不可轻易获得时。尽管目前没有证据证明肾上腺素、抗组胺药和全身应用皮质类固醇可有效治疗遗传性血管性水肿,但若怀疑血管性水肿的类型时亦可应用上述药物。
长期预防的目的在于降低发作频率和发作严重程度。弱效雄激素(如达那唑)用于预防已有多年(在美国,司坦唑醇不可用)。雄激素的作用是增加肝脏产生C1抑制物。血浆来源的C1抑制剂浓缩物也被FDA批准用于预防。另一种方法是选择氨甲环酸等抗纤溶药物。[31]Grattan CE, Humphreys F, British Association of Dermatologists Therapy Guidelines and Audit Subcommittee. Guidelines for evaluation and management of urticaria in adults and children. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:1116-1123.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08283.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18021095?tool=bestpractice.com氨甲环酸在美国未上市,且其治疗效果不如小剂量雄激素或C1抑制剂浓缩物。治疗选择需个体化,视具体病例情况而定。
遗传性血管性水肿尤其易被侵入性医疗操作(如频繁口腔操作)等外界因素所诱发。因此推荐在侵入性医疗操作前进行短期预防用药,如应用血浆来源的C1抑制剂浓缩物、短期应用大剂量弱效雄激素或FFP等。
药物治疗总结
抗组胺药仍是急慢性荨麻疹的一线用药。患者须了解抗组胺药预防性用药疗效最好,而不是疾病发作后用药。
这类药物具有良好耐受性,不良反应少,因其只有微量药物可透过血脑屏障。这类药物有:氯雷他定、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、左西替利嗪、非索非那定。这些药物的实际应用剂量常常高于批准的推荐剂量,但目前新的证据表明高于常规剂量的地氯雷他定和左西替利嗪比常规剂量的药物更有效。[32]Staevska M, Popov TA, Kralimarkova T, et al. The effectiveness of levocetirizine and desloratadine in up to 4 times conventional doses in difficult-to-treat urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:676-682.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(09)02734-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226302?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Asero R. Chronic unremitting urticaria: is the use of antihistamines above the licensed dose effective? A preliminary study of cetirizine at licensed and above-licensed doses. Clin Exp Derm. 2006;32:34-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17042777?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究显示10mg西替利嗪应用1个月缓解症状的效果优于180mg非索非那定。[34]Handa S. Comparative efficacy of cetirizine and fexofenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Derm Treat. 2004;15:55-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754652?tool=bestpractice.com同样比较氯雷他定和西替利嗪、氯雷他定和非索非那定的疗效未得到类似结果。尽管所有的二代抗组胺药的不良反应均较轻,但有报道认为西替利嗪引起镇静的比例略高于其他药物。[35]Hindmarch I, Johnson S, Meadows R, et al. The acute and sub-chronic effects of levocetirizine, cetirizine, loratadine, promethazine, and placebo on cognitive function, psychomotor performance, and weal and flare. Curr Med Res Opin. 2001;17:241-255.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11922397?tool=bestpractice.com
这些抗组胺药(如:苯海拉明、羟嗪、氯苯那敏)是现有的最强效药物。这点毫无疑问,但是其副作用,尤其是镇静作用,常使其应用受限。[36]Brunet C, Bedard PM, Hebert J. Effects of H1-antihistamie drug regimen on the histamine release by nonlesional skin mast cells of patients with chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990;86:787-793.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1699989?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Goldsobel AB, Rohr AS, Siegel SC, et al. Efficacy of doxepin in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1986;78:867-873.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3782654?tool=bestpractice.com许多患者即使是夜间小剂量用药也无法耐受。另外,其药代动力学特点需要每天给药3或4次,极为不便,使其应用更加受限。一代抗组胺药需从小剂量开始应用,逐渐加量,直至可耐受的临床有效剂量。鲜有资料比较一代抗组胺药间的疗效。三环类抗抑郁药也有很强的H1阻滞作用,可用于治疗荨麻疹。多塞平的半衰期较长,可每晚给药。具体药物的选择取决于个体对疗效的反应和副反应的耐受情况。
虽无针对皮质类固醇的对照研究,皮质类固醇仍不可避免被应用于治疗荨麻疹,且可迅速起效。但因其较多不良反应,全身应用皮质类固醇仍受到限制。虽然短期全身应用皮质类固醇治疗急性荨麻疹或慢性荨麻疹发作期有效,但仍需不遗余力尽量应用无激素药物治疗荨麻疹。外用皮质类固醇治疗荨麻疹无效。
尽管有研究表明白三烯受体拮抗剂(如扎鲁司特、孟鲁司特)治疗慢性荨麻疹优于安慰剂,但单用该药治疗无效。[38]Ellis MH. Successful treatment of chronic urticaria with leukotriene antagonists. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:876-877.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9819309?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Spector S, Tan RA. Antileukotrienes in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:572.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9564821?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Reimers A, Pichler C, Helbling A, et al. Zafirlukast has no beneficial effects in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:1763-1768.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12653169?tool=bestpractice.com这类药物可作为二线治疗选择,与足量抗组胺药合用,但其辅助疗效有限。[23]Di Lorenzo G, Pacor ML, Mansueto P, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing desloratadine and montelukast in monotherapy and desloratadine plus montelukast in combined therapy for chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:619-625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15356567?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Nettis E, Colanardi MC, Paradiso MT, et al. Desloratadine in combination with montelukast in the treatment of chronic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:1401-1407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15347373?tool=bestpractice.com白三烯受体拮抗剂与抗组胺药联用,对自体血清皮肤试验阳性患者或曾经对阿司匹林或其他非甾体抗炎药发生不良反应的患者可能特别有效。[41]Bagenstose SE, Levin L, Bernstein JA. The addition of zafirlukast to cetirizine improves the treatment of chronic urticaria in patients with positive autologous serum ski test results. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:134-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14713918?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Perez C, Sanchez-Borges M, Capriles E, et al. Pretreatment with montelukast blocks NSAID-induced urticaria and angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:1060-1061.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11742290?tool=bestpractice.com一旦病情控制后,应在停用抗组胺药之前停用白三烯受体拮抗剂。
皮肤中的组胺受体约15%为H2受体。因此,H2受体拮抗剂(如雷尼替丁、西咪替丁)也可用于治疗慢性荨麻疹。这些药物在单用时无效,但与足量H1受体拮抗剂联用时可轻微增加疗效。[43]Monroe EW, Cohen SH, Kalbfleisch J, et al. Combined H1 and H2 antihistamine therapy in chronic urticaria. Arch Dermatol. 1981;117:404-407.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6114712?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Harvey RP, Wegs J, Schocket AL. A controlled trial of therapy in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981;68:262-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6116728?tool=bestpractice.com雷尼替丁比西咪替丁的药物相互作用少,因此更加安全。一旦病情控制,应在停用H1受体拮抗剂之前停用H2受体拮抗剂。
在治疗难治性荨麻疹患者时,专科医生使用各种抗炎和免疫调节剂,包括羟氯喹、柳氮磺吡啶、秋水仙碱、氨苯砜、硫唑嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、环孢素、脉注射免疫球蛋白,最近还使用奥马珠单抗。[15]Powell RJ, Leech SC, Till S, et al. BSACI guideline for the management of chronic urticaria and angioedema. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:547-565.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cea.12494/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25711134?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Maurer M, Rosén K, Hsieh HJ, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:924-935.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432142?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Saini S, Rosen KE, Hsieh HJ, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of single-dose omalizumab in patients with H1-antihistamine-refractory chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:567-573.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762974?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Morgan M, Khan DA. Therapeutic alternatives for chronic urticaria: an evidence-based review, part 2. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100:517-526.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592813?tool=bestpractice.com尽管有病例报告显示所有这些药物都对特定患者均有有益的疗效,但只有环孢素和奥马珠单抗在双盲、安慰剂对照研究中显示有效。[18]Maurer M, Rosén K, Hsieh HJ, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:924-935.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432142?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Saini S, Rosen KE, Hsieh HJ, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of single-dose omalizumab in patients with H1-antihistamine-refractory chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:567-573.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21762974?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Grattan CE, O'Donnell BF, Francis DM, et al. Randomized double-blind study of cyclosporine in chronic 'idiopathic' urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:365-372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10951147?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Vena GA, Cassano N, Colombo D, et al. Cyclosporine in chronic idiopathic urticaria, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:705-709.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010756?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Kaplan A, Ferrer M, Bernstein JA, et al. Timing and duration of omalizumab response in patients with chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137:474-481.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674915012476http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483177?tool=bestpractice.com对于难治性荨麻疹的患者,奥马珠单抗具有最强大的安全性和有效性数据。[48]Zhao ZT, Ji CM, Yu WJ, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137:1742-1750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27040372?tool=bestpractice.com抗炎和免疫调节药物的使用受到其副作用和/或费用的限制,这些问题必须与潜在治疗获益进行仔细权衡。