虐待性头部创伤 (AHT) 及相关性损伤是因为仅摇晃、摇晃加撞击或仅撞击所致。[16]Christian CW, Block R; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect; American Academy of Pediatrics. Abusive head trauma in infants and children. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1409-1411.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/123/5/1409.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19403508?tool=bestpractice.com 多层视网膜存在视网膜出血并扩展至周围对 AHT 具有高度特异性,可见于约 85% 的病例。[17]Hobbs C, Childs AM, Wynne J, et al. Subdural haematoma and effusion in infancy: an epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:952-955.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1720567/pdf/v090p00952.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16113132?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Kemp AM, Stoodley N, Cobley C, et al. Apnoea and brain swelling in non-accidental head injury. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:472-476.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1763133/pdf/v088p00472.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12765909?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Vinchon M, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Desurmont M, et al. Accidental and nonaccidental head injuries in infants: a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(4 Suppl):380-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15926388?tool=bestpractice.com 硬膜下出血是 AHT 患者中最常见的颅内损伤,可能伴有其他轴外出血或大脑本身的损伤,例如蛛网膜下腔出血和缺氧缺血性损伤。[20]Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad M, Kramer L, et al. Acute neuroradiologic findings in young children with inflicted or noninflicted traumatic brain injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 2000;16:25-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10672426?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Datta S, Stoodley N, Jayawant S, et al. Neuroradiological aspects of subdural haemorrhages. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:947-951.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16113131?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Ichord RN, Naim M, Pollock AN, et al. Hypoxic-ischemic injury complicates inflicted and accidental traumatic brain injury in young children: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24:106-118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17263674?tool=bestpractice.com
最具特异性的虐待性腹部损伤是无明显创伤史情况下对腹腔和/或实质器官造成的钝力伤。[23]Wood J, Rubin DM, Nance ML, et al. Distinguishing inflicted versus accidental abdominal injuries in young children. J Trauma. 2005;59:1203-1208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16385300?tool=bestpractice.com
如果儿童无基础性骨病或无明确的严重创伤史但出现肋骨骨折,则对骨折虐待具有高度特异性。 此类骨折是因挤压胸腔或直接殴打所致。[24]Bulloch B, Schubert CJ, Brophy PD, et al. Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants. Pediatrics. 2000;105:e48.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/105/4/e48.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10742369?tool=bestpractice.com 会走路之前儿童中长骨骨折和干骺端骨折在虐待中也很常见。[25]Thomas SA, Rosenfield NS, Leventhal JM, et al. Long bone fractures in young children: distinguishing accidental injuries from child abuse. Pediatrics. 1991;88:471-476.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1881725?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Scherl SA, Miller L, Lively N, et al. Accidental and non-accidental femur fractures in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;376:96-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10906863?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Schwend RM, Werth C, Johnston A. Femur shaft fractures in toddlers and young children: rarely from child abuse. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:475-481.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10912603?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Blakemore LC, Loder RT, Hensinger RN. Role of intentional abuse in children 1 to 5 years old with isolated femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:585-588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865041?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Dalton HJ, Slovis T, Helfer RE, et al. Undiagnosed abuse in children younger than 3 years with femoral fracture. Am J Dis Child. 1990;144:875-878.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2378333?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Strait RT, Seigel RM, Shapiro RA. Humeral fractures without obvious etiologies in children less than 3 years of age: when is it abuse? Pediatrics. 1995;96:667-671.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7567328?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Shaw BA, Murphy KM, Shaw A, et al. Humerus shaft fractures in young children: accident or abuse? J Pediatr Orthop. 1997;17:293-297.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9150014?tool=bestpractice.com 会走路之前的儿童如发生任何长骨骨折均应有明确的意外损伤解释,如果没有意外原因,就应主动排除虐待。 与非受虐儿童相比,各年龄段的多发性骨折和双侧骨折更常见于受虐儿童。
口腔损伤,包括系带撕裂,可能与严重的或致命性虐待损伤(通常是头部损伤)有关。[32]Thackeray JD. Frena tears and abusive head injury: a cautionary tale. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007;23:735-737.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18090110?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Cordner SM, Burke MP, Dodd MJ, et al. Issues in child homicides: 11 cases. Legal Medicine. 2001;3:95-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12935529?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Grace A, Grace S. Child abuse within the ear, nose and throat. J Otolaryngol. 1987;16:108-111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3599153?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Maguire S, Hunter B, Hunter L, et al; Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group. Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra-oral injuries. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:1113-1117.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2066066/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17468129?tool=bestpractice.com 有人提出,系带撕裂可能由强行喂食婴儿所致,但只在直接殴打后明确报告有这一损伤。[35]Maguire S, Hunter B, Hunter L, et al; Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group. Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra-oral injuries. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:1113-1117.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2066066/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17468129?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Tate RJ. Facial injuries associated with the battered child syndrome. Br J Oral Surg. 1971;9:41-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5315395?tool=bestpractice.com 牙齿损伤包括强行侵入、挤压、拔除健康的恒牙及微折。这些口腔损伤中没有一种损伤具有虐待特异性,必须进行评估,注意儿童的发育年龄,发现的损伤需要有适当的解释。[37]Naidoo S. A profile of the oro-facial injuries in child physical abuse at a children's hospital. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24:521-534.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798841?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Becker DB, Needleman HL, Kotelchuck M. Child abuse and dentistry: orofacial trauma and its recognition by dentists. J Am Dent Assoc. 1978;97:24-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28343?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Schuman NJ, Hamilton RL. Discovery of child abuse with associated dental fracture in a hospital-affiliated clinic: report of a case with a four-year follow up. Spec Care Dent. 1982;2:250-251.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6960496?tool=bestpractice.com 已经知道有些父母会强行拔掉他们孩子的健康牙齿,作为一种“惩罚”。[40]Carrotte PV. An unusual case of child abuse. Br Dental J. 1990;168:444-445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2361086?tool=bestpractice.com