黑色素细胞痣的唯一真正治疗方法是完全移除(与不完全移除相反)病灶。 有准确的组织病理学诊断建议采用此治疗方法,可降低复发或持久存在的风险。 若未完全切除,会增加取样错误风险,复发或持久性黑色素细胞可能产生一个临床和组织学上的假黑色素瘤模式,进一步造成诊断混乱。[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era. Part II. Molecular aspects and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:19.e1-19.e12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703916?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Marghoob AA, Kopf AW. Persistent nevus: an exception to the ABCD rule of dermoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;36:474-475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9091483?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Kornber R, Ackerman AB. Pseudomelanoma: recurrent melanocytic nevus following partial surgical removal. Arch Dermatol. 1975;111:1588-1590.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1200664?tool=bestpractice.com削除治疗的复发率更高,因为完全切除痣(尤其是深层处)的可能性较低。[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,完全移除痣时不建议使用削除或碟形术。
皮肤手术一般具有良好耐受性,出血、感染(通常小于 1%)、血肿和神经损伤(通常为感觉性;极少为运动性)的风险很小。[5]Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, et al. Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Mosby; 2008. 对局麻过敏罕见,尤其是对于酰胺类局麻药(例如利多卡因)过敏更少见(与酯类局麻药相比)。最常用的局麻药是 1% 利多卡因加上按照 1:100,000 比例稀释的肾上腺素,添加肾上腺素是由于其血管收缩特性,有助于减少出血并延长麻醉的持续时间。任何疼痛通常都是最轻度的,且使用对乙酰氨基酚容易治疗。随机对照临床试验发现,在干净的皮肤伤口中,比较外用抗生素和白软石蜡(凡士林)时,感染率或伤口愈合率无增加。伤口感染:有高质量的证据可证明外用抗生素和白凡士林(凡士林)具有相似的操作后伤口感染率。[55]Smack DP, Harrington AC, Dunn C, et al. Infection and allergy incidence in ambulatory surgery patients using white petrolatum vs bacitracin ointment. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1996;276:972-977.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8805732?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Campbell RM, Perlis CS, Fisher E, et al. Gentamicin ointment versus petrolatum for management of auricular wounds. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:664-669.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15996417?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 外用抗生素中,新霉素和杆菌肽最常用,是变应性接触性皮炎的常见增敏剂,极少导致超敏反应。[55]Smack DP, Harrington AC, Dunn C, et al. Infection and allergy incidence in ambulatory surgery patients using white petrolatum vs bacitracin ointment. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1996;276:972-977.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8805732?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Gette MT, Marks JG Jr, Maloney ME. Frequency of postoperative allergic contact dermatitis to topical antibiotics. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:365-367.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1532297?tool=bestpractice.com 出于这些原因,且为了节省成本,一般建议使用白凡士林(凡士林)或润肤剂进行术后伤口护理。 如果胶布绷带中的粘合剂有刺激性,敏感皮肤也可以替换为低过敏性胶布。 手术形成的瘢痕可能肥大或变为瘢痕疙瘩,根据位置,可能影响美容或者功能。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 持续性或复发性痣由 Thomas Jefferson大学 Jason Lee 提供 [Citation ends].
临床良性
如果医生根据病史和体格检查确信黑素细胞痣为良性,则通常不需要治疗(即,移除)。 患者可能仅仅要确信该痣的良性性质。 有些患者虽然获知为良性,仍然可能希望移除该痣。 这可能出于以下原因:
此病变反复受到创伤
出现诸如瘙痒、出血或刺激之类的症状
美容目的
尽管进行安慰,仍然过度担心此病变为恶性。
钻孔切除活检
切除活检
切除病灶是移除黑色素细胞病灶的确定方法。[5]Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, et al. Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Mosby; 2008.[38]Bolognia JL. Biopsy techniques for pigmented lesions. Dermatol Surg. 2001;26:89-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10632696?tool=bestpractice.com 提供了较小的组织边缘 (2 mm) 来确保独立缘,而移除深度往下至脂肪层,确保完全移除。 这种方法的缺点是这是更大的创伤性操作,感染和出现手术并发症(例如出血和血肿)的风险增高,需要缝合,需要患者在 1 到 2 星期内复查以拆线。
激光
许多激光设备可用于治疗各种色素性病变,包括某些类型的黑素细胞痣。[5]Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, et al. Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Mosby; 2008.[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Suzuki H, Anderson RR. Treatment of melanocytic nevi. Dermatol Ther. 2005;18:217-226.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16229723?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Polder KD, Landau JM, Vergilis-Kalner IJ, et al. Laser eradication of pigmented lesions: a review. Dermatol Surg. 2011;37:572-595.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492309?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然有些医生使用激光,但是这种方法存在争议,尤其是因为缺乏组织病理学诊断且可能将黑色素瘤误诊为良性痣或着色斑。[40]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era. Part II. Molecular aspects and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:19.e1-19.e12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703916?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Lee PK, Rosenberg CN, Tsao H, et al. Failure of Q-switched ruby laser to eradicate atypical-appearing solar lentigo: report of two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:314-317.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486705?tool=bestpractice.com 激光治疗后黑色素细胞恶变的可能性未知,但已有激光治疗部位出现黑色素瘤的病例报道。[61]Gottschaller C, Hohenleutner U, Landthaler M. Metastasis of a malignant melanoma 2 years after carbon dioxide laser treatment of a pigmented lesion: case report and review of the literature. Acta Derm Venereol. 2006;86:44-47.http://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/download.php?doi=10.1080/00015550510044154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585989?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Woodrow SL, Burrows SN. Malignant melanoma occurring at the periphery of a giant congenital naevus preciously treated with laser therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:886-888.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616388?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,未完全移除痣可能导致假黑色素瘤模式。[63]Dummer R, Kempf W, Burg G. Pseudo-melanoma after laser therapy. Dermatology. 1998;197:71-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9693193?tool=bestpractice.com 出于这些原因,不建议使用化学剥脱术和其他非切除性方法(主要用于先天性巨型痣)。[40]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era. Part II. Molecular aspects and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:19.e1-19.e12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703916?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Arneja JS, Gosain AK. Giant congenital melanocytic nevi. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(1 Suppl):1e-13e.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568135?tool=bestpractice.com
临床怀疑为黑色素瘤
去除黑素细胞痣的最重要原因是:如果临床上高度怀疑可能为黑色素瘤;如果有损害变化史,得到体格检查的支持,和/或如果存在高度提示为黑色素瘤的非典型特征。[38]Bolognia JL. Biopsy techniques for pigmented lesions. Dermatol Surg. 2001;26:89-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10632696?tool=bestpractice.com 发育不良痣是一种良性痣,其在临床上可能难以与黑色素瘤区分,但重要的是理解它们是一种类型的良性痣,不应任意地对其进行活检。[13]Ackerman AB. "Dysplastic nevus" syndrome: does a survey make it real? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:461-463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637932?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era. Part II. Molecular aspects and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:19.e1-19.e12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703916?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数黑色素瘤是新生的,而与痣不相关,因此没有必要预防性去除痣。[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com 应该对提示有恶性变化的病变进行活检;不建议移除所有的发育不良痣。[1]McKee PH, Calonje E, Granter SR, eds. Pathology of the skin. 3rd ed. London: Elsevier; 2005.[4]Burkhart CG. Dysplastic nevi. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1258-1259.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15028833?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, et al. Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Mosby; 2008.[26]Cyr PR. Atypical moles. Am Fam Physician. 2008;78:735-740.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18819240?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Larsen F, Cockerell CJ. The dysplastic nevus concept. Pathology Case Rev. 2007;12:240-244.[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era. Part II. Molecular aspects and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:19.e1-19.e12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703916?tool=bestpractice.com 如果临床医生对黑素细胞痣与黑色素瘤之间的区别不太确定,应该考虑进行皮肤病学转诊。
切除性活检是移除临床上怀疑为黑色素瘤的黑色素细胞病变的首选方法。