而先天性巨型黑素细胞痣例外,大多数痣是具有良性过程的普通疾病。 最重要差异是黑色素瘤,其具有一些在临床和组织学上与良性黑素细胞痣(尤其是发育不良痣或 Clark 痣)重叠的特征。 尽管如此,但是大多数黑色素瘤是新生的,不建议对痣进行预防性移除。[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era. Part II. Molecular aspects and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:19.e1-19.e12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703916?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Elder DE, Elenitsas R, Johnson BL, eds. Lever's histopathology of the skin. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. 具有痣的危险因素的患者可能共有黑色素瘤和非黑色素瘤皮肤癌的多个危险因素,因此应该相应进行筛查。
高风险患者中的结果
具有痣的多个危险因素(包括有多个发育不良痣、皮肤白皙且眼睛颜色较浅、雀斑和晒伤倾向)的患者与存在皮肤癌风险的人群共有危险因素,因此值得定期进行皮肤检查以筛查黑色素瘤和其他非黑色素瘤皮肤癌。 2007 年时,在美国,一个人罹患侵袭性黑色素瘤的终生风险估计为 1/63,如果包含原位黑色素瘤,则为 1/33。[53]Rigel DS. Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(suppl 2):S129-S132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410798?tool=bestpractice.com 在英国,男子罹患恶性黑色素瘤的终生风险(使用 2001 到 2005 年的数据来计算)为 1/99,对于女性,则为 1/77。[65]Cancer Research UK. Skin cancer statistics - key facts. May 2012. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org (last accessed 1 August 2017).http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/skin-cancer 黑色素瘤是青年的最常见癌症形式之一。[66]Herzog C, Pappo A, Bondy M, et al. Malignant melanoma. In: Bleyer A, O'Leary M, Barr R, et al, eds. Cancer epidemiology in older adolescents and young adults 15 to 29 years of age, including SEER incidence and survival: 1975-2000. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2006:53-64.http://seer.cancer.gov/archive/publications/aya/aya_mono_complete.pdf 如果在其扩散到淋巴结之前在早期得到检测和治疗,黑色素瘤的五年生存率为 99%。[52]American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures 2008. http://www.cancer.org (last accessed 1 August 2017).https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics.html
先天性巨型痣
先天性大型或巨型黑色素细胞值很罕见,常常在躯干上,定义为其最大尺寸超过 20 cm。 它们与 2% 到 6% 的黑色素瘤终生风险相关。[5]Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, et al. Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Mosby; 2008.[6]Tannous ZS, Mihm MC Jr, Sober AJ, et al. Congenital melanocytic nevi: clinical and histopathologic features, risk of melanoma, and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:197-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692463?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Warner PM, Yakuboff KP, Kagan RJ, et al. An 18-year experience in the management of congenital nevomelanocytic nevi. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60:283-287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443510?tool=bestpractice.com[44]New Zealand Guidelines Group. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of melanoma in Australia and New Zealand. June 2008. http://www.health.govt.nz (last accessed 1 August 2017).http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/melanoma-guideline-nov08-v2.pdf[67]Vourc'h-Jourdain M, Martin L, Barbarot S; aRED. Large congenital melanocytic nevi: therapeutic management and melanoma risk: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68:493-498.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182059?tool=bestpractice.com 此风险在生命的前 10 年中似乎最高。 提示黑色素瘤的征兆包括突然快速生长、结节、边缘和纹理不规则以及颜色变化。 此外,这些痣提升了神经皮肤黑变病的风险,包括软脑膜受累,这可能导致出现 CNS 征兆(例如,颅内压升高、占位性病变或脊髓压迫症)。 手术移除无法消除这些痣中的黑色素瘤风险,因为在 50% 的病例中,黑色素瘤在更深结构中产生,而 CNS 是最常见的真皮外部位。 轴向位置和多个卫星痣似乎提升了黑色素瘤风险。 虽然有不超过 19.9 cm 的先天性痣中发生恶性转化的病例报道,但是其发生未得到量化且很罕见,所以不建议对中小型先天性痣进行预防性移除。[44]New Zealand Guidelines Group. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of melanoma in Australia and New Zealand. June 2008. http://www.health.govt.nz (last accessed 1 August 2017).http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/melanoma-guideline-nov08-v2.pdf
非典型、发育不良型或 Clark 痣
有些医生提倡以下见解:发育不良痣是黑色素瘤的标记和前期病变。[64]Elder DE, Elenitsas R, Johnson BL, eds. Lever's histopathology of the skin. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009.[68]Kanzler MH, Mraz-Gernhard S. Primary cutaneous malignant melanoma and its precursor lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic overview. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45:260-276.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11464189?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然发育不良痣可能识别黑色素瘤风险升高的人群,因而可能是此类风险的标志物,但是对它们是前期病变的见解存在很大争议,未被广泛接受。[7]Schaffer JV. Pigmented lesions in children: when to worry. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007;19:430-440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630608?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Ackerman AB. "Dysplastic nevus" syndrome: does a survey make it real? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:461-463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637932?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Larsen F, Cockerell CJ. The dysplastic nevus concept. Pathology Case Rev. 2007;12:240-244.[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era. Part II. Molecular aspects and clinical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:19.e1-19.e12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703916?tool=bestpractice.com
发育不良痣代表了在罹患黑色素瘤风险上升的个人(与大部分人群相比)中普遍发现的若干躯体性状之一。 其他性状包括肤色白皙(因而经常晒伤)、雀斑和红头发。 换言之,这些性状常常是与发育不良痣不相干的。 发育不良痣在白种人中极为常见,经常观察到具有多个病灶的家族亲戚。 将这些患者称为家族性发育不良痣综合征(或家族性非典型痣黑色素瘤综合征)。 这些患者是皮肤科医生关注的重点,因为他们罹患黑色素瘤的相对风险更高。[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Olsen CM, Carroll HJ, Whiteman DC. Estimating the attributable fraction for cancer: a meta-analysis of nevi and melanoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010;3:233-245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20086181?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Clark WH Jr, Reimer RR, Greene M, et al. Origin of familial malignant melanomas from heritable melanocytic lesions: 'the B-K mole syndrome'. Arch Dermatol.1978;114:732-738.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/646394?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,具有多个发育不良痣的家族需要与遗传性黑色素瘤家族相区分,后者的家庭成员几乎肯定会在一生中发生黑色素瘤。[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Clark WH Jr, Reimer RR, Greene M, et al. Origin of familial malignant melanomas from heritable melanocytic lesions: 'the B-K mole syndrome'. Arch Dermatol.1978;114:732-738.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/646394?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Tsao H, Sober AJ, Niendorf KB, et al. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: a 48-year-old woman with multiple pigmented lesions and a personal and family history of melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:924-932.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985491?tool=bestpractice.com 幸运的是,遗传性黑色素瘤综合征极其罕见。 这些家族中的家系将揭示直系家族成员中患上黑色素瘤和死亡(通常在很小的年纪)的警告率。[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Tsao H, Sober AJ, Niendorf KB, et al. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: a 48-year-old woman with multiple pigmented lesions and a personal and family history of melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:924-932.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985491?tool=bestpractice.com 在这些家族中,发现调节蛋白 CDKN2A 已变异,但是该发现在患有遗传性黑色素瘤的所有家族亲戚中并非普遍,研究尚未发现此变异的存在与发育不良痣的存在相关联。[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com 在这些患者中,黑色素瘤的风险可能接近 100%。[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com 考虑到变异的罕见性,将其用作筛查工具会产出量很低且昂贵。
不建议对发育不良痣进行不加区分的移除或活检,甚至认为发育不良痣是前期病变的人也不建议如此操作,因为绝大多数发育不良痣是稳定的。[28]Salopek TG. The dilemma of the dysplastic nevus. Dermatol Clin. 2002;20:617-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12380049?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Elder DE, Elenitsas R, Johnson BL, eds. Lever's histopathology of the skin. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009. 不同意它们是前期病变的人更喜欢“Clark 痣”这个名称,以强调这些痣只是遇到的诸多痣类型中的一种。[13]Ackerman AB. "Dysplastic nevus" syndrome: does a survey make it real? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:461-463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637932?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Duffy K, Grossman D. The dysplastic nevus: from historical perspective to management in the modern era: part I. Historical, histologic, and clinical aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1.e1-1.e16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703915?tool=bestpractice.com 对于执业的临床医生,发育不良痣有时难以与早期平坦的黑色素瘤相区分。 熟悉发育不良痣的形态学范围及其诊断圈套对于恰当治疗这些患者非常重要。 如果临床医生对这些病灶的治疗不熟悉,应该考虑转诊到更有经验的医生。