黑素细胞痣在很大程度上是遗传决定的,无法予以预防。[15]Wachsmuth RC, Turner F, Barrett JH, et al. The effect of sun exposure in determining nevus density in UK adolescent twins. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;214:56-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15654953?tool=bestpractice.com
在具有雀斑皮肤的白种儿童中,使用防晒霜与痣减少可能有关,但是需要使用同质方法的更多研究和长期随访来阐明在所有人种中日晒对痣的形成的影响。[11]Gallagher RP, Rivers JK, Lee TK, et al. Broad-spectrum sunscreen use and the development of new nevi in white children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283:2955-2960.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=192780http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10865273?tool=bestpractice.com 包括 20,743 名儿童的 15 项研究的系统性综述报告:只有 3 项包含的研究发现防晒霜保护儿童免于生成黑素细胞痣。[71]de Maleissye MF, Beauchet A, Saiag P, et al. Sunscreen use and melanocytic nevi in children: a systematic review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30:51-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22994908?tool=bestpractice.com 而且,前瞻性随机对照试验在健康儿童保健机构访问中发现防晒建议没有减少 3 岁以上儿童中的晒黑、雀斑或痣数量。[72]Crane LA, Deas A, Mokrohisky ST, et al. A randomized intervention study of sun protection promotion in well-child care. Prev Med. 2006;42:162-170.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376977?tool=bestpractice.com 黑色素瘤的发展可能是多元因子过程,而遗传以及环境因素可能在黑色素瘤发展中发挥了作用。 紫外线暴露几乎肯定是某些类型黑色素瘤的发展的一个因素,尤其是恶性雀斑,一般在晒伤的、年老白种人的面部中发现它。[20]Koh HK. Cutaneous melanoma. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:171-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1805813?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Rigel DS. Cutaneous ultraviolet exposure and its relationship to the development of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(suppl 2):S129-S132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410798?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Menzies SW. Is sun exposure a major cause of melanoma? Yes. BMJ. 2008;337:a763.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647765?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Eide MJ, Weinstock MA. Association of UV index, latitude, and melanoma incidence in nonwhite populations - US surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program, 1992 to 2001. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:477-481.http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/141/4/477http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837865?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,在其他类型的黑色素瘤(例如,位于未受阳光照射的皮肤上的肢端病变以及皮肤颜色较深人种中的黑色素瘤)中,紫外线暴露可能没有起到作用。[20]Koh HK. Cutaneous melanoma. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:171-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1805813?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Eide MJ, Weinstock MA. Association of UV index, latitude, and melanoma incidence in nonwhite populations - US surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program, 1992 to 2001. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:477-481.http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/141/4/477http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837865?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Shuster S. Is sun exposure a major cause of melanoma? No. BMJ. 2008;337:a764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647766?tool=bestpractice.com
因为黑色素瘤和其他日晒相关的皮肤癌的危险因素可能为具有后天性痣高风险的人群共有,所以采用安全防晒方法是合理的,因为日晒可能是唯一可修改或预防的危险因素。 建议自由使用具有 UVA 和 UVB 覆盖以及至少为 15(如果不是高级别的)的 SPF 的广泛防晒霜,可能会预防痣的生成并降低日晒相关的皮肤癌风险。[8]Dulon M, Weichenthal M, Blettner M, et al. Sun exposure and number of nevi in 5- to 6- year-old European children. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55:1075-1081.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12507670?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Maize JC, Foster G. Age-related changes in melanocytic naevi. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1979;4:49-58.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/445877?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Valiukeviciene S, Miseviciene I, Gollnick H. The prevalence of common acquired melanocytic nevi and the relationship with skin type characteristics and sun exposure among children in Lithuania. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:579-586.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15897379?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Kelly JW, Rivers JK, MacLennan R, et al. Sunlight: a major factor associated with the development of melanocytic nevi in Australian schoolchildren. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30:40-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8277029?tool=bestpractice.com[23]American Academy of Dermatology. Body mole map. http://www.aad.org (last accessed 1 August 2017).https://www.aad.org/public/spot-skin-cancer/learn-about-skin-cancer/detect/body-mole-map 推荐是在日晒之前半小时涂抹防晒霜,每 2 小时重新涂抹,如果出汗、游泳或毛巾擦拭,则更加频繁地重新涂抹。[23]American Academy of Dermatology. Body mole map. http://www.aad.org (last accessed 1 August 2017).https://www.aad.org/public/spot-skin-cancer/learn-about-skin-cancer/detect/body-mole-map 鼓励每天使用防晒霜以在阴天和冬季防止意外的日常日晒。 鼓励穿着紧密编织的防晒衣服,以及在上午 10 点到下午 4 点阳光最强时避免日晒。[23]American Academy of Dermatology. Body mole map. http://www.aad.org (last accessed 1 August 2017).https://www.aad.org/public/spot-skin-cancer/learn-about-skin-cancer/detect/body-mole-map 与这些建议相呼应的是避免使用浴床。[23]American Academy of Dermatology. Body mole map. http://www.aad.org (last accessed 1 August 2017).https://www.aad.org/public/spot-skin-cancer/learn-about-skin-cancer/detect/body-mole-map 应该定期进行自我皮肤检查让患者熟悉自己的皮肤并监控任何变化或可疑的病变。[23]American Academy of Dermatology. Body mole map. http://www.aad.org (last accessed 1 August 2017).https://www.aad.org/public/spot-skin-cancer/learn-about-skin-cancer/detect/body-mole-map
先前,美国预防服务工作组 (USPSTF) 已建议向患者提供关于在任何年龄预防皮肤癌的咨询。 近期,USPSTF 已将此一般性建议替换为以下建议:应该就预防皮肤癌向年龄在 10 岁到 24 岁的皮肤白皙的儿童、青少年和年轻人提供咨询。[76]Wernli KJ, Henrikson NB, Morrison CC, et al. Screening for skin cancer in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016;316:436-447.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2536642http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27458949?tool=bestpractice.com 已经解除了向所有年龄组提供咨询的建议,因为没有充足的证据表明向 24 岁以上的成人提供咨询会利大于弊。 然而,来自主要皮肤科学术团体的最新建议是向皮肤白皙的所有患者提供关于皮肤癌预防的咨询。