数种结肠炎症和/或结肠感染性疾病可使患者易患毒性结肠炎/中毒性巨结肠 (TC/TM)。炎症性肠病仍是导致 TC/TM 患者入院的最常见原因 (51.6%)。艰难梭菌结肠炎是第二常见的原因,占中毒性巨结肠病例的 31%。[4]Ausch C, Madoff RD, Gnant M, et al. Aetiology and surgical management of toxic megacolon. Colorectal Dis. 2006 Mar;8(3):195-201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16466559?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Dallal RM, Harbrecht BG, Boujoukas AJ, et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg. 2002 Mar;235(3):363-72.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422442/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11882758?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Doshi R, Desai J, Shah Y, et al. Incidence, features, in-hospital outcomes and predictors of in-hospital mortality associated with toxic megacolon hospitalizations in the United States. Intern Emerg Med. 2018 Sep;13(6):881-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29948833?tool=bestpractice.com 其他传染性病原体也与中毒性巨结肠相关,包括沙门氏菌、志贺氏杆菌、弯曲杆菌、耶尔森氏菌、溶组织内阿米巴和隐孢子虫。[7]Bellary SV, Isaacs P. Toxic megacolon (TM) due to Salmonella. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990 Oct;12(5):605-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2230011?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Tiao MM, Huang HC, Huang CB, et al. Toxic megacolon in Salmonella colitis: report of two cases. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2000 Jan-Feb;41(1):43-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10910560?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Upadhyay AK, Neely JA. Toxic megacolon and perforation caused by Shigella. Br J Surg. 1989 Nov;76(11):1217.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2688808?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Anderson JB, Tanner AH, Brodribb AJ. Toxic megacolon due to Campylobacter colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1986 Jan;1(1):58-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3598315?tool=bestpractice.com[11]McGregor A, Brown M, Thway K, et al. Fulminant amoebic colitis following loperamide use. J Travel Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;14(1):61-2.https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/14/1/61/1803192http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17241255?tool=bestpractice.com 在 HIV 感染者或 AIDS 患者中,巨细胞病毒常与中毒性巨结肠有关;不过,接受免疫抑制剂治疗的溃疡性结肠炎或克罗恩病患者也易于发生巨细胞病毒感染,之后出现中毒性巨结肠。[12]Beaugerie L, Ngo Y, Goujard F, et al. Etiology and management of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterology. 1994 Sep;107(3):858-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8076773?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Cooper HS, Raffensperger EC, Jonas L, et al. Cytomegalovirus inclusions in patients with ulcerative colitis and toxic dilation requiring colonic resection. Gastroenterology. 1977 Jun;72(6):1253-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/192627?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Criscuoli V, Rizzuto MR, Gallo E, et al. Toxic megacolon and human Cytomegalovirus in a series of severe ulcerative colitis patients. J Clin Virol. 2015 May;66:103-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25866348?tool=bestpractice.com
也曾报告,中毒性巨结肠也会继发于缺血性结肠炎、梗阻性结肠癌、憩室炎和肠扭转。[15]Present DH. Toxic megacolon. Med Clin North Am. 1993 Sep;77(5):1129-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8371619?tool=bestpractice.com 有潜在结肠炎的患者中,中毒性巨结肠可能被以下因素触发:电解质紊乱,包括低钾血症和低镁血症;停用 5-氨基水杨酸盐制剂或皮质类固醇;使用麻醉药品;或使用抗胆碱能药或止泻药,其可减慢结肠蠕动。[15]Present DH. Toxic megacolon. Med Clin North Am. 1993 Sep;77(5):1129-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8371619?tool=bestpractice.com 中毒性巨结肠也可能是对几种基础病因进行免疫抑制治疗的并发症。[16]Atherton LD, Leib ES, Kaye MD. Toxic megacolon associated with methotrexate therapy. Gastroenterology. 1984 Jun;86(6):1583-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6714582?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Lee FY, Lin HY, Pan S, et al. Gold-induced fulminant colitis in a patient with psoriatic arthritis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1988 Feb;10(1):116-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2833542?tool=bestpractice.com[18]de Gara CJ, Gagic N, Arnold A, et al. Toxic megacolon associated with anticancer chemotherapy. Can J Surg. 1991 Aug;34(4):339-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1651153?tool=bestpractice.com