免疫调节剂和生物制剂
已经将环孢素和英夫利昔单抗静脉用药作为皮质类固醇无法缓解的炎症性肠病相关性重症结肠炎的补救治疗。[36]Pola S, Patel D, Ramamoorthy S, et al. Strategies for the care of adults hospitalized for active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Dec;10(12):1315-25.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226798/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22835577?tool=bestpractice.com 个案报告中已描述,一例或两例中毒性结肠炎/中毒性巨结肠 (TC/TM) 患者被环孢素、英夫利昔单抗或他克莫司成功治疗。[37]Actis GC, Ottobrelli A, Pera A, et al. Continuously infused cyclosporine at low dose is sufficient to avoid emergency colectomy in acute attacks of ulcerative colitis without the need for high-dose steroids. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993 Jul;17(1):10-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409289?tool=bestpractice.com[38]van Geenen EJ, Sachar DB. Infliximab in Crohn's disease-associated toxic megacolon. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Apr;46(4):321-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21857531?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Sinagra E, Orlando A, Renna S, et al. Is really megacolon a contraindication to infliximab in Crohn's disease? Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2013 Dec;76(4):442-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592552?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Narabayashi K, Inoue T, Sakanaka T, et al. Oral tacrolimus for megacolon in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Intern Med. 2014;53(16):1755-8.https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/53/16/53_53.2624/_pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25130105?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Hayashi R, Ueno Y, Tanaka S, et al. Two cases of severe ulcerative colitis with colonic dilatation resolved with tacrolimus therapy. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul 31;9(2):272-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560298/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26351416?tool=bestpractice.com 这些药物在巨结肠治疗中的作用尚不明确。
白细胞去除疗法 (LCAP)
LCAP 是一种选择性血浆分离置换法,旨在减少循环中淋巴细胞的数目,其目的是减少细胞因子和趋化因子的产生,这些产生被认为可促成和维持炎症。[42]Mitsuyama K, Sata M. Therapeutic leukocytapheresis in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action. Cytotherapy. 2009;11(2):229-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19241197?tool=bestpractice.com 现有数据有一些矛盾,[43]Kanai T, Hibi T, Watanabe M. The logics of leukocytapheresis as a natural biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2006 May;6(5):453-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16610976?tool=bestpractice.com 已发表的对照临床试验样本量太小,无法得出确切结论。然而,一项大型前瞻性观察性研究的结果表明,LCAP 对活动性溃疡性结肠炎患者(其中大多数为皮质类固醇难治性)既安全又有效(临床缓解率为 68.9% [429/623])。[44]Yokoyama Y, Matsuoka K, Kobayashi T, et al. A large-scale, prospective, observational study of leukocytapheresis for ulcerative colitis: treatment outcomes of 847 patients in clinical practice. J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Sep;8(9):981-91.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873994614000464?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556083?tool=bestpractice.com
粪便微生物群移植
对于复发性或难治性艰难梭菌结肠炎,粪便微生物群移植是一种得到证实的安全有效疗法。[45]Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A. Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep;48(8):693-702.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440934?tool=bestpractice.com 几项病例研究报告了使用粪便微生物群移植治疗中毒性巨结肠;[46]Gweon TG, Lee KJ, Kang DH, et al. A case of toxic megacolon caused by Clostridium difficile infection and treated with fecal microbiota transplantation. Gut Liver. 2015 Mar;9(2):247-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351033/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25721003?tool=bestpractice.com 这些病例中至少有一例仍需要结肠切除术。[47]Yu S, Abdelkarim A, Nawras A, et al. Fecal transplant for treatment of toxic megacolon associated with Clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Ther. 2016 Mar-Apr;23(2):e609-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24858336?tool=bestpractice.com 由于将这种治疗用于极度异常和脆弱结肠存在受力影响,这种方法对中毒性巨结肠的作用仍不明确。