根据典型的临床表现和病史进行诊断。通常无需做进一步检查。
临床表现
旅游史对确定暴露风险很关键。CLM 是归来的旅游者感染的最常见的寄生虫病之一。[3]Davies HD, Sakuls P, Keystone JS. Creeping eruption. A review of clinical presentation and management of 60 cases presenting to a tropical disease unit. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:588-591.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8481019?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Heukelbach J, Gomide M, Araújo F Jr, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans and tungiasis in international travellers exiting Brazil: an airport survey. J Travel Med. 2007;14:374-380.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00156.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17995532?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,绝大多数患者都是近期从热带和亚热带地区海滩归来的旅游者,特别是那些从加勒比海、巴西、墨西哥和东南亚地区返回的旅游者。[3]Davies HD, Sakuls P, Keystone JS. Creeping eruption. A review of clinical presentation and management of 60 cases presenting to a tropical disease unit. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:588-591.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8481019?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Jelinek T, Maiwald H, Nothdurft HD, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:1062-1066.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7534125?tool=bestpractice.com在疫区沙滩上赤脚行走和/或晒日光浴的经历可帮助诊断。根据对归来的旅游者的研究,CLM 的潜伏期通常为几天至几周,但也有 1 个月后或更长时间后出现症状的病例。[10]Jelinek T, Maiwald H, Nothdurft HD, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:1062-1066.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7534125?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Bouchaud O, Houzé S, Schiemann R, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: a prospective study, with assessment of therapy with ivermectin. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:493-498. [Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:523.]http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/2/493.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987711?tool=bestpractice.com
CLM 的典型病变是大约宽3 mm的线状或索状匐行疹,呈红色。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 皮肤幼虫移行症的典型临床表现来自 Gregory L. Zalar 博士提供的资料;获准使用 [Citation ends].匍行疹每天延长几毫米到几厘米不等。[29]Feldmeier H, Jackson A, Heukelbach J, et al. A study in a community in Brazil in which cutaneous larva migrans is endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:e13-e18.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/2/e13.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16779735?tool=bestpractice.com伴有搔痒是另一个明显的临床症状,瘙痒可能剧烈和不适,甚至影响睡眠。
在 10% 至 40% 的病例中,沿着幼虫移行路径可见囊状大疱或丘疹;一些大疱的直径达几个厘米。[2]Tremblay A, MacLean JD, Gyorkos T, et al. Outbreak of cutaneous larva migrans in a group of travellers. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5:330-334.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00557.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10886795?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Veraldi S, Arancio L. Giant bullous cutaneous larva migrans. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31:613-614.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16716185?tool=bestpractice.com由幼虫进入皮脂腺滤泡管道而引起的毛囊炎在归来的旅游者中罕见。在这些病例中,瘙痒的丘疹和脓疱与相对较短的索状匍行疹相连,且主要位于臀部。[4]Caumes E, Ly F, Bricaire F. Cutaneous larva migrans with folliculitis: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:314-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903247?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Veraldi S, Persico MC, Francia C, et al. Follicular cutaneous larva migrans: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52:327-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414157?tool=bestpractice.com
幼虫移行引起的索状皮疹可为单条或多条,常见于足部、大腿、臀部,好发于接触过被污染土壤的皮肤。[3]Davies HD, Sakuls P, Keystone JS. Creeping eruption. A review of clinical presentation and management of 60 cases presenting to a tropical disease unit. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:588-591.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8481019?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Jelinek T, Maiwald H, Nothdurft HD, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:1062-1066.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7534125?tool=bestpractice.com但是,病变可发生在身体任何没有保护的部位,包括手臂、躯干、头皮、面部、胸部和外生殖器等。
检查
根据临床表现可以作出诊断,一般没有必要作进一步检查。少数患者血中的嗜酸粒细胞增多和/或免疫球蛋白 E 水平可能升高;但是,这些结果是非特异性的,因此不建议进行这些检测。[10]Jelinek T, Maiwald H, Nothdurft HD, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:1062-1066.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7534125?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Blackwell V, Vega-Lopez F. Cutaneous larva migrans: clinical features and management of 44 cases presenting in the returning traveller. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:434-437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11531833?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Shimogawara R, Hata N, Schuster A, et al. Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans in patients living in an endemic community in Brazil: immunological patterns before and after ivermectin treatment. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2013;3:258-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3838541/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294495?tool=bestpractice.com由于幼虫通常位于匍行疹前面几个厘米的表皮内,皮肤活检或刮片检查很难找到移行的幼虫,只有在检查毛囊炎患者时才应进行皮肤活检。[4]Caumes E, Ly F, Bricaire F. Cutaneous larva migrans with folliculitis: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:314-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903247?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Jelinek T, Maiwald H, Nothdurft HD, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:1062-1066.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7534125?tool=bestpractice.com尚无血清学或分子生物学方法被批准用于CLM的诊断。皮肤镜检查是一种新技术。这是一种无创检测方法,且有可能看到皮肤中移行的幼虫,但该法的敏感性似乎较低。[33]Veraldi S, Schianchi R, Carrera C. Epiluminescence microscopy in cutaneous larva migrans. Acta Derm Venereol. 2000;80:233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10954233?tool=bestpractice.com