口服驱虫药
首选治疗方法是伊维菌素,顿服,通常可治愈。[20]Blackwell V, Vega-Lopez F. Cutaneous larva migrans: clinical features and management of 44 cases presenting in the returning traveller. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:434-437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11531833?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Bouchaud O, Houzé S, Schiemann R, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: a prospective study, with assessment of therapy with ivermectin. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:493-498. [Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:523.]http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/2/493.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987711?tool=bestpractice.com治疗与 CLM 有关的毛囊炎,效果不理想。[43]Vanhaecke C, Perignon A, Monsel G, et al. The efficacy of single dose ivermectin in the treatment of hookworm related cutaneous larva migrans varies depending on the clinical presentation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:655-657.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23368818?tool=bestpractice.com尽管有局部出现大疱反应的报道,该治疗方法的不良反应罕见。由于临床资料有限,体重<15 kg 的儿童应避免使用伊维菌素。
口服阿苯达唑可替代伊维菌素治疗CLM,尽管一次顿服阿苯达唑的治愈率偏低。临床治疗:伊维菌素顿服治疗 CLM 的治愈率是77% 至 100%,阿苯达唑顿服治疗 CLM 的治愈率是46%,P = 0.017。差异具有统计学意义。[28]Bouchaud O, Houzé S, Schiemann R, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: a prospective study, with assessment of therapy with ivermectin. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:493-498. [Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:523.]http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/2/493.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987711?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Caumes E, Carriere J, Guermonprez G, et al. Dermatoses associated with travel to tropical countries: a prospective study of the diagnosis and management of 269 patients presenting to a tropical disease unit. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:542-548.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7756473?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Van den Enden E, Stevens A, Van Gompel A. Treatment of cutaneous larva migrans. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1246-1247.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786758?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Caumes E, Carriere J, Datry A, et al. A randomized trial of ivermectin versus albendazole for the treatment of cutaneous larva migrans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;49:641-644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8250105?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。但用药3 天至 5 天后的治愈率与伊维菌素相当,在 77% 至 100% 之间。[3]Davies HD, Sakuls P, Keystone JS. Creeping eruption. A review of clinical presentation and management of 60 cases presenting to a tropical disease unit. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:588-591.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8481019?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Blackwell V, Vega-Lopez F. Cutaneous larva migrans: clinical features and management of 44 cases presenting in the returning traveller. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:434-437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11531833?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Jones SK, Reynolds NJ, Oliwiecki S, et al. Oral albendazole for the treatment of cutaneous larva migrans. Br J Dermatol. 1990;122:99-101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2297509?tool=bestpractice.com不良反应轻微,主要是轻度恶心、呕吐和头痛。由于临床资料有限,年龄<1 岁的儿童应避免使用阿苯达唑。
尽管以前可用噻苯达唑治疗 CLM,[2]Tremblay A, MacLean JD, Gyorkos T, et al. Outbreak of cutaneous larva migrans in a group of travellers. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5:330-334.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00557.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10886795?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Davies HD, Sakuls P, Keystone JS. Creeping eruption. A review of clinical presentation and management of 60 cases presenting to a tropical disease unit. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:588-591.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8481019?tool=bestpractice.com目前此药在部分国家/地区现已停用。尽管口服噻苯达唑治疗 CLM 有效,但由于其引起的副作用多(多为胃肠道反应),使得伊维菌素和阿苯达唑成为首选的治疗药物。[48]Stone OJ, Mullins JF. Thiabendazole effectiveness in creeping eruption. Arch Dermatol. 1965;91:427-429.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14275878?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠期妇女使用伊维菌素和阿苯达唑的数据。等到妊娠结束后,如果CLM症状没有自行消失,再进行药物治疗,或在热带病医学专家的指导下治疗。
如果首次治疗 1 至 2 周后没有效果(瘙痒或匍行疹未减轻),可以用相同的药物和剂量重复治疗一次。[28]Bouchaud O, Houzé S, Schiemann R, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: a prospective study, with assessment of therapy with ivermectin. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:493-498. [Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:523.]http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/2/493.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987711?tool=bestpractice.com对于少数病例,可能需要第三个疗程(例如,如果存在毛囊炎)。[4]Caumes E, Ly F, Bricaire F. Cutaneous larva migrans with folliculitis: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:314-316.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903247?tool=bestpractice.com2 个疗程后,如果症状和体征没有消失,应考虑转诊到热带病专科和/或考虑其它诊断。
治疗后好转的患者可能会再次出现症状和皮肤病变,这可能是因为药物只是破坏了钩虫幼虫,但并未完全杀死这些幼虫。复发通常发生在初期表现后的几周内,绝大多数病例重复治疗有效。[2]Tremblay A, MacLean JD, Gyorkos T, et al. Outbreak of cutaneous larva migrans in a group of travellers. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5:330-334.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00557.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10886795?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Blackwell V, Vega-Lopez F. Cutaneous larva migrans: clinical features and management of 44 cases presenting in the returning traveller. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:434-437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11531833?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Bouchaud O, Houzé S, Schiemann R, et al. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers: a prospective study, with assessment of therapy with ivermectin. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:493-498. [Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:523.]http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/2/493.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10987711?tool=bestpractice.com