多数病例通常由致病药物触发,其中已知有 100 种以上,[1]Bhat P, Appel GB. Tubulointerstitial diseases. In: ACP medicine. New York, NY: WebMD Inc.; 2006:2027-2043.[2]Rossert J. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int. 2001;60:804-817.http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v60/n2/full/4492487a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11473672?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Baker RJ, Pusey CD. The changing profile of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:8-11.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/8.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671029?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Appel GB. The treatment of acute interstitial nephritis: more data at last. Kidney Int. 2008;73:905-907.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18379525?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Markowitz GS, Perazella MA. Drug-induced renal failure: a focus on tubulointerstitial disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2005;351:31-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15563870?tool=bestpractice.com 当停用触发药物时,病症消退。一些患者在服用多种致病药物,以至于不清楚哪种药物是病因。常见致病药物包括:
抗生素:几乎所有的青霉素类和头孢菌素类、许多磺胺类药物、利福平和一些喹诺酮类药物。β-内酰胺类抗生素是急性间质性肾炎 (AIN) 的最常见诱因。[15]Baldwin DS, Levine BB, McCluskey RT, et al. Renal failure and interstitial nephritis due to penicillin and methicillin. N Engl J Med. 1968;279:1245-1252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4176988?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Galpin JE, Shinaberger JH, Stanley TM, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis due to methicillin. Am J Med. 1978;65:756-765.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/707534?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Hoppes T, Prikis M, Segal A. Four cases of nafcillin-associated acute interstitial nephritis in one institution. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2007;3:456-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17653125?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Neugarten J, Gallo GR, Baldwin DS. Rifampin-induced nephrotic syndrome and acute interstitial nephritis. Am J Nephrol. 1983;3:38-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6837651?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Lo WK, Rolston KV, Rubenstein EB, et al. Ciprofloxacin-induced nephrotoxicity in patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1258-1262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8494478?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Lien YH, Hansen R, Kern WF, et al. Ciprofloxacin-induced granulomatous interstitial nephritis and localized elastolysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22:598-602.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213803?tool=bestpractice.com
利尿剂(若干类)。[21]Enriquez R, Cabezuelo JB, Gonzalez C, et al. Granulomatous interstitial nephritis associated with hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride. Am J Nephrol. 1995;15:270-273.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7618655?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Lyons H, Pinn VW, Cortell S, et al. Allergic interstitial nephritis causing reversible renal failure in four patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:124-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4682035?tool=bestpractice.com
非甾体抗炎药(几乎所有):触发由 AIN 与并存的肾病综合征组成独特的反应。[8]Kobayashi Y, Honda M, Yoshikawa N, et al. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in 21 Japanese children. Clin Nephrol. 2000;54:191-197.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11020016?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Markowitz GS, Falkowitz DC, Isom R, et al. Membranous glomerulopathy and acute interstitial nephritis following treatment with celecoxib. Clin Nephrol. 2003;59:137-143.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12608557?tool=bestpractice.com
质子泵抑制剂。[23]Torpey N, Barker T, Ross C. Drug-induced tubulo-interstitial nephritis secondary to proton pump inhibitors: experience from a single UK renal unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:1441-1446.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/6/1441.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15004262?tool=bestpractice.com
抗组胺药:西咪替丁和雷尼替丁。[24]Gaughan WJ, Sheth VR, Francos GC, et al. Ranitidine-induced acute interstitial nephritis with epithelial cell foot process fusion. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22:337-340.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8352263?tool=bestpractice.com
其他药物:别嘌呤醇、苯茚二酮、苯妥英、磺胺嘧啶、美沙拉嗪和华法林。[25]World MJ, Stevens PE, Ashton MA, et al. Mesalazine-associated interstitial nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11:614-621.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/4/614.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8671848?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Parra E, Gota R, Gamen A, et al. Granulomatous interstitial nephritis secondary to allopurinol treatment. Clin Nephrol. 1995;43:350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7634557?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然不常见,但 AIN 还可以在慢性炎症性疾病的背景下发病,例如,结节病、Sjogren 综合征、IgG4 相关的综合征或系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE)。 一些患者没有可识别的诱因。
AIN的一个已知变异是肾小管间质性肾炎,同时具有 AIN 和急性肾小管坏死的特征。 已知红霉素、多黏菌素、阿昔洛韦、膦甲酸和万古霉素可触发这种变异。[27]Ying LS, Johnson CA. Ciprofloxacin-induced interstitial nephritis. Clin Pharm. 1989;8:518-521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2666013?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Deray G, Martinez F, Katlama C, et al. Foscarnet nephrotoxicity: mechanism, incidence and prevention. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9:316-321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2554731?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Cacoub P, Deray G, Baumelou A, et al. Acute renal failure induced by foscarnet: 4 cases. Clin Nephrol. 1988;29:315-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2840226?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Zuliani E, Zwahlen H, Gilliet F, et al. Vancomycin-induced hypersensitivity reaction with acute renal failure: resolution following cyclosporine treatment. Clin Nephrol. 2005;64:155-158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16114793?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Rashed A, Azadeh B, Romeh SH. Acyclovir-induced acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis. Nephron. 1990;56:436-438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2080005?tool=bestpractice.com 并且已知它会作为极端罕见的伴随葡萄膜炎 (TINU) 综合征的肾小管间质性肾炎的一部分发病。