促红细胞生长素 (ESA)
ESA 包括源自克隆人红细胞生成素基因(依泊汀)的重组人红细胞生成素,例如阿法依伯汀及其类似物(例如达依泊汀 α)。当贫血影响生活质量和/或由于有风险,似乎没必要反复输注红细胞时,可以使用 ESA。[37]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Erythropoiesis‑stimulating agents (epoetin and darbepoetin) for treating anaemia in people with cancer having chemotherapy. November 2014 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta323[38]Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Overview of systematic review and economic evaluation of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anemia of cancer or of chemotherapy. April 2009 [internet publication].http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/O0468_Erythropoiesis-stimulating_agents_to_e.pdf[39]Bokemeyer C, Aapro MS, Courdi A, et al. EORTC guidelines for the use of erythropoietic proteins in anaemic patients with cancer: 2006 update. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Jan;43(2):258-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17182241?tool=bestpractice.com 通常咨询专科医生之后再决定使用 ESA。在 ESA 治疗获益可见之前,可能需要输注红细胞。已经认识到慢性病贫血可能为一种生理学适应,不一定有害,且治疗轻度和中度贫血可能会降低生存率。[40]Zarychanski R, Houston DS. Anemia of chronic disease: a harmful disorder or an adaptive, beneficial response? CMAJ. 2008 Aug 12;179(4):333-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492976/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695181?tool=bestpractice.com
由于过量的循环铁负荷可能导致感染发生率升高及肿瘤细胞生长速度加快,对慢性病贫血患者进行铁隔离可能发挥有益作用。[40]Zarychanski R, Houston DS. Anemia of chronic disease: a harmful disorder or an adaptive, beneficial response? CMAJ. 2008 Aug 12;179(4):333-7.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492976/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695181?tool=bestpractice.com
ESA 在伴有轻度或中度贫血 (Hb>80 g/L [Hb>8 g/dL]) 的 ACD 的情况下的临床指征,应根据药物相关报告疗效、不良反应和经济负担仔细评估有证据表明,对于化疗导致贫血的患者,ESA 疗法可有效提高血红蛋白浓度、改善血液系统对治疗的反应、以及减少输血需求。[41]Leyland-Jones B, Bondarenko I, Nemsadze G, et al. A randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase III study of epoetin alfa versus best standard of care in anemic patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Apr 10;34(11):1197-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26858335?tool=bestpractice.com 并改善健康相关的生活质量。 [
]How do erythropoiesis-stimulating agents affect outcomes in people with cancer?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.544/full显示答案 但是,从现有证据无法推断 ESA 疗法与不采用 ESA 的治疗相比会延长还是缩短患者的生存期。按照 ESA 目前的上市许可进行使用时,其不良反应风险较低。[37]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Erythropoiesis‑stimulating agents (epoetin and darbepoetin) for treating anaemia in people with cancer having chemotherapy. November 2014 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta323 虽然 ESA 可以降低输血需求,但是经济影响非常大,[38]Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Overview of systematic review and economic evaluation of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anemia of cancer or of chemotherapy. April 2009 [internet publication].http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/O0468_Erythropoiesis-stimulating_agents_to_e.pdf[42]Crathorne L, Huxley N, Haasova M, et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (epoetin and darbepoetin) for treating cancer treatment-induced anaemia (including review of technology appraisal no. 142): a systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess. 2016 Feb;20(13):1-588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26907163?tool=bestpractice.com 因此强烈建议在使用 ESA 前仔细进行风险/获益比评估。
在开始治疗前应排除铁缺乏。由于在铁充足的受试者中,ESA 常常产生功能性铁缺乏,因此可能需要补铁治疗才能达到充分的治疗反应。[43]Mhaskar R, Wao H, Miladinovic B, et al. The role of iron in the management of chemotherapy-induced anemia in cancer patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 4;(2):CD009624.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009624.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26845108?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In adults with chemotherapy-induced anemia, how does adding iron supplementation to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) compare with ESAs alone?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1306/full显示答案 补铁治疗的决定最好在咨询专科医生后做出,因为难以鉴别起初对 ESA 反应不佳是由于铁供应不足还是ESA剂量不足。如果转铁蛋白饱和度<20%(在慢性病贫血中很常见),则应考虑补铁治疗。首选静脉铁剂,因为最佳 ESA 效应需要转铁蛋白饱和度上升,理想的范围是 30%-40%,慢性病贫血患者使用口服铁剂通常不能实现这点。[44]Hayat A. Safety issues with intravenous iron products in the management of anemia in chronic kidney disease. Clin Med Res. 2008 Dec;6(3-4):93-102.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670525/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325171?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Rozen-Zvi B, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, et al. Intravenous versus oral iron supplementation for the treatment of anemia in CKD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Nov;52(5):897-906.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845368?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Littlewood TJ, Alikhan R. The use of intravenous iron in patients with cancer-related anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2008 Jun;141(6):751-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410455?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Auerbach M, Ballard H. Clinical use of intravenous iron: administration, efficacy, and safety. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010;2010:338-47.http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/2010/1/338http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239816?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,静脉铁剂一般不应当用于有活动性感染的患者,因为铁可促进很多微生物的生长。如果在治疗 8-12 周后,对 ESA 无反应,则应停止治疗。[48]Gasche C, Berstad A, Befrits R, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Dec;13(12):1545-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17985376?tool=bestpractice.com
强烈建议对红细胞生成素降低所致慢性肾脏病贫血使用ESA治疗,该疾病状况常常包括慢性病贫血元素。 [
]What are the effects of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anemia in adults with chronic kidney disease?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1294/full显示答案 对ESA治疗无反应时需及时查找贫血的其他病因。 ESA 亦获批且适合用于伴随化疗导致贫血的非髓系恶性肿瘤患者,以及正接受齐多夫定治疗的 HIV 感染患者。
与多发性骨髓瘤相关的慢性病贫血患者使用 ESA 时,缓解率为 80%;使用 ESA 时,缓解率接近 100%。[21]Tefferi A. Anemia in adults: a contemporary approach to diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Oct;78(10):1274-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14531486?tool=bestpractice.com且在接受 ESA 治疗的患者中,几乎 100% 的类风湿性关节炎患者[49]Kaltwasser JP, Kessler U, Gottschalk R, et al. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin and intravenous iron on anemia and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2001 Nov;28(11):2430-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11708414?tool=bestpractice.com 和慢性肾脏病患者对治疗有反应。[50]National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 May;47(5 suppl 3):S11-145.https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/docs/anemiainckd.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678659?tool=bestpractice.com
使用 ESA 时应当很谨慎,且应密切监测(尤其在治疗的最初阶段)和仔细调整剂量以维持恰当的 Hb 水平。[36]Rizzo JD, Brouwers M, Hurley P, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology clinical practice guideline update on the use of epoetin and darbepoetin in adult patients with cancer. J Oncol Pract. 2010 Nov;6(6):317-20.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988667/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358963?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Jelkmann W. Developments in the therapeutic use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Br J Haematol. 2008 May;141(3):287-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410567?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 16;355(20):2085-98.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa065485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108343?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Blau CA. Erythropoietin in cancer: presumption of innocence? Stem Cells. 2007 Aug;25(8):2094-7.https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1634/stemcells.2007-0229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17464082?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Schrijvers D, De Samblanx H, Roila F; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the treatment of anaemia in cancer patients: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for use. Ann Oncol. 2010 May;21(suppl 5):v244-7.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_5/v244.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20555090?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Phrommintikul A, Haas SJ, Elsik M, et al. Mortality and target haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007 Feb 3;369(9559):381-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17276778?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Wish JB, Coyne DW. Use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease: overcoming the pharmacological and pharmacoeconomic limitations of existing therapies. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Nov;82(11):1371-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17976358?tool=bestpractice.com死亡率和 Hb 阈值:有来自随机对照试验和系统评价的高质量证据表明,Hb 升高至>120 g/L (>12 g/dL) 时,死亡率升高。[36]Rizzo JD, Brouwers M, Hurley P, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology clinical practice guideline update on the use of epoetin and darbepoetin in adult patients with cancer. J Oncol Pract. 2010 Nov;6(6):317-20.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2988667/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358963?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Jelkmann W. Developments in the therapeutic use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Br J Haematol. 2008 May;141(3):287-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410567?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 16;355(20):2085-98.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa065485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108343?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Blau CA. Erythropoietin in cancer: presumption of innocence? Stem Cells. 2007 Aug;25(8):2094-7.https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1634/stemcells.2007-0229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17464082?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Schrijvers D, De Samblanx H, Roila F; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the treatment of anaemia in cancer patients: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for use. Ann Oncol. 2010 May;21(suppl 5):v244-7.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_5/v244.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20555090?tool=bestpractice.com 建议每周监测 Hb,如果 Hb 迅速升高或接近 120 g/L (12 g/dL) 时,则应调整剂量或暂停治疗。Hb 稳定后应每月进行一次检查。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 在初始治疗和调整剂量时,在病情稳定前应每周监测血红蛋白水平,之后每月进行监测。有报道称,对于接受 ESA 治疗的慢性肾脏病患者,若血红蛋白目标水平>120 g/L (>12 g/dL),这些患者的死亡率、严重心血管不良反应和卒中的发生率均有所升高。[52]Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 16;355(20):2085-98.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa065485http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108343?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,有报道称 ESA 可降低总生存期且可增加肿瘤进展或特定类型肿瘤(包括乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、头颈部癌症、淋巴癌和宫颈癌)复发的风险。[53]Blau CA. Erythropoietin in cancer: presumption of innocence? Stem Cells. 2007 Aug;25(8):2094-7.https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1634/stemcells.2007-0229http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17464082?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,美国食品药品监督管理局制定了关于 ESA(阿法依伯汀和达依泊汀 α)的黑框警告,强调这些药物应使用最低有效剂量,以降低对输注红细胞的需求,且在以下情况中应减少剂量或停止治疗:若未透析的慢性肾脏病患者的血红蛋白水平超过 100 g/L (10 g/dL),或接受透析患者的血红蛋白水平超过 110 g/L (11 g/dL),或血红蛋白水平上升迅速(在 2 周内上升>10 g/L [>1 g/dL])。以下为针对癌症患者的附加黑框警告:
欧洲也出台了类似的警告,用以规定阿法依伯汀和达依泊汀 α 的使用。欧洲药品管理局建议仅对有症状的贫血患者进行治疗,且不超过血红蛋白目标值 120 g/L (12 g/dL)。[51]Jelkmann W. Developments in the therapeutic use of erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Br J Haematol. 2008 May;141(3):287-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410567?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Schrijvers D, De Samblanx H, Roila F; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the treatment of anaemia in cancer patients: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for use. Ann Oncol. 2010 May;21(suppl 5):v244-7.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_5/v244.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20555090?tool=bestpractice.com