校际筛查
传统上,全球很多地方广泛建立了校际筛查计划,目的是在早期阶段发现脊柱侧凸,从而避免在出现较晚期表现后可能需要的手术治疗。这些计划通常是 10 到 12 岁儿童例行年度体格检查的一部分。
但是,为了有充分的理由进行脊柱侧凸筛查,必须存在有效的早期治疗。鉴于支具治疗的有效性不明确,很多专家质疑脊柱侧凸筛查的成本效应。[33]Yawn B, Yawn RA. Efficacy of school scoliosis screening. Orthopedics. 2001;24:317.[34]Yawn BP. School-screening for scoliosis. A prospective epidemiological study in northwestern and central Greece. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:1244.[35]Yawn BP. Reassessing scoliosis screening: new definitions, new criteria. Adm Radiol J. 2000;19:14-17.[36]Yawn B, Yawn RA. The estimated cost of school scoliosis screening. Spine. 2000;25:2387-2391. 尽管存在这种质疑,但筛查计划已经帮助提高了儿科医生和初级保健医生对脊柱侧凸的认识。而且,很多专家认为筛查计划让医生能够有机会及早发现有风险人群的脊柱侧凸。[37]Lonstein JE. Why school screening for scoliosis should be continued. Spine. 1988;13:1198-1200.[38]Fong DY, Lee CF, Cheung KM, et al. A meta-analysis of the clinical effectiveness of school scoliosis screening. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35:1061-1071.[39]Sabirin J, Bakri R, Buang SN, et al. School scoliosis screening programme-a systematic review. Med J Malaysia. 2010;65:261-267.http://www.e-mjm.org/2010/v65n4/Scoliosis_Screening.pdf
Adams 脊柱前屈试验
腰部向前弯曲(从前面、后面和侧面进行观察)为识别胸椎、胸腰椎或腰椎椎旁及胸腔突起(导致这些突起的原因是椎体旋转异常以及冠状面和矢状面出现异常脊柱侧凸)提供良好的预测。前屈时椎旁和肋骨突起更明显,这提示脊柱侧凸的诊断。[2]Newton PO, Wenger DR. Idiopathic scoliosis. In Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL, eds. Lovell and Winter's pediatric orthopaedics. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2006:693-762.[1]Parent S, Newton PO, Wenger DR. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: etiology, anatomy, natural history, and bracing. Instr Course Lect. 2005;54:529-536.
在筛查评估期间出现这一典型的体格检查结果,应促使怀疑脊柱侧凸。阳性结果为观察到不对称的椎旁突起。存在不对称肩胛突起可能提示上胸侧凸。[28]Grossman TW, Mazur JM, Cummings RJ. An evaluation of the Adams forward bend test and the scoliometer in a scoliosis school screening setting. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15:535-538.
已经表明该试验具有合理的观察者内部和观察者间可靠性。[2]Newton PO, Wenger DR. Idiopathic scoliosis. In Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL, eds. Lovell and Winter's pediatric orthopaedics. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2006:693-762.[1]Parent S, Newton PO, Wenger DR. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: etiology, anatomy, natural history, and bracing. Instr Course Lect. 2005;54:529-536.
脊柱侧凸测量仪测量
虽然不是一般人群的常规检查,但脊柱侧凸测量仪测量可量化 Adams 身体前屈试验时发现的椎旁突起。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 脊柱侧凸测量仪测量右胸突起Weinstein SL, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Lancet.2008;371:1527-1537. 经授权使用 [Citation ends].
如果任何椎旁突起(胸椎或腰椎)>5°,则结果呈阳性。虽然脊柱侧凸测量仪的测量值不完全反映 X 线平片上显示的 Cobb 角测量值,但两个值可能相互对应。通常情况下,脊柱侧凸测量仪的测量值 5° 和 7° 分别大致对应 Cobb 角测量值 10° 和 20°。[29]Ashworth MA, Hancock JA, Ashworth L, et al. Scoliosis screening. An approach to cost/benefit analysis. Spine. 1988;13:1187-1188.[30]Bunnell WP. An objective criterion for scoliosis screening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:1381-1387. 这种相关性使得脊柱侧凸测量仪的测量值非常有用,因为它们反映普遍认可的用于指导治疗决策的临界值。
结果表明,如果脊柱侧凸测量仪读数为 5°,则用于识别青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的敏感度达 100%,特异度为 47%。基于这一数据,对于脊柱侧凸测量仪读数<5° 的患者,不必通过 X 线平片行进一步评估。但是,如果脊柱侧凸测量仪读数为 7°,则用于识别的敏感度为 83%,特异度为 86%,因此应通过 X 线平片行进一步评估,并转诊给脊柱畸形专科医师。[29]Ashworth MA, Hancock JA, Ashworth L, et al. Scoliosis screening. An approach to cost/benefit analysis. Spine. 1988;13:1187-1188.[30]Bunnell WP. An objective criterion for scoliosis screening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:1381-1387.