雄激素性合成代谢类固醇(AAS)是被奥运会运动员们滥用最频繁的禁药。[2]Catlin DH, Hatton CK. Use and abuse of anabolic and other drugs for athletic enhancement. Adv Intern Med. 1991;36:399-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1673818?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Prendergast HM, Bannen T, Erickson TB, et al. The toxic torch of the modern Olympic Games. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2003;45:97-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12678299?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Catlin DH, Kammerer RC, Hatton CK, et al. Analytical chemistry at the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad in Los Angeles, 1984. Clin Chem. 1987;33:319-327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2879653?tool=bestpractice.com这种药物在健美运动员间广泛使用,并且多达 55% 的优秀举重运动员承认使用这种药物。[5]Kutscher EC, Lund BC, Perry PJ. Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Sports Med. 2002;32:285-296.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11929356?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Yesalis CE 3rd, Herrick RT, Buckley WE, et al. Self-reported use of anabolic-androgenic steroids by elite power lifters. Phys Sportsmed. 1988;16:91-100.
在美国,大约有20%的高校运动员曾使用过AAS。[7]Dezelsky TL, Toohey JV, Shaw RS. Non-medical drug use behaviour at five United States universities: a 15-year study. Bull Narc. 1985;37:49-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3878173?tool=bestpractice.com男性运动员在AAS使用人群中首当其冲。[8]Chyka PA. Androgenic-anabolic steroids. In: Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, et al, eds. Clinical toxicology. New York, NY: WB Saunders; 2001:595-601.虽然全球AAS的使用率较难统计,但目前的研究可窥一斑。英国的一项研究表明,健身中心6%的男性和1.4%的女性正使用合成代谢类固醇激素。[9]Korkia P, Stimson GV. Indications of prevalence, practice and effects of anabolic steroid abuse in Great Britain. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18:557-562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9414081?tool=bestpractice.com波兰的一项普查表明6.2%的男性和2.9%的女性正使用AAS,而在约旦,一项研究发现4.2%的高校学生和26%的运动员均是AAS使用者。[10]Tahtamouni LH, Mustafa NH, Alfaouri AA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse among Jordanian collegiate students and athletes. Eur J Public Health. 2008;18:661-665.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18603598?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Rachoń D, Pokrywka L, Suchecka-Rachoń K. Prevalence and risk factors of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse among adolescents and young adults in Poland. Soz Praventivmed. 2006;51:392-398.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17658145?tool=bestpractice.com运动员们会采用经过精心设计的方案以避免被检测出阳性。由于药理本身的错综复杂性,许多使用者雇佣专业人士指导协调给药和训练计划。因此,AAS的使用究竟有多广泛目前尚不得知。
美国国家药物滥用研究所(National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIDA)的调查结果显示,在调查前一年内至少使用过一次类固醇药物的人群比例为,12~13岁中有0.5%,15~16岁有1%,17~18岁则达到1.5%。[12]Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al; University of Michigan News Service: Ann Arbor, MI. Teen marijuana use tilts up, while some drugs decline in use. December 2009. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org (last accessed 27 August 2017).http://monitoringthefuture.org/pressreleases/09drugpr_complete.pdf[13]Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al. Monitoring the future: national results on adolescent drug use. Overview of key findings, 2011. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research; 2012.http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2011.pdf2011年NIDA资助的研究再次显示,青少年中至少使用过一次类固醇药物的人群比例为:12~13岁中有1.2%,15~16岁有1.4%,17~18岁则达到1.8%。[14]NIDA for Teens. Anabolic steroids. May 2015. http://teens.drugabuse.gov/ (last accessed 27 August 2017).http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/anabolic-steroidsCDC也对全美高中学生开展了一项名为青少年危险行为监测系统(Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, YRBSS)的定期调查。YRBSS 发现,在 2003 年,多达 6.1% 的高中生承认在没有医生处方的情况下使用了类固醇,[15]Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 2005. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006;55:1-108.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5505a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16760893?tool=bestpractice.com尽管这一比例在 2011 年降至 3.6%。[16]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012;61:1-162.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6104a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673000?tool=bestpractice.com然而,一些作者指出,这些数据可能夸大了高中生使用类固醇药物的真实比例,因为在对“类固醇”问题回答“是”的学生中存在假阳性反应,事实上他们可能只是使用了皮质类固醇或非处方运动补充剂,而非真正的非法类固醇。[17]Kanayama G, Boynes M, Hudson JI, et al. Anabolic steroid abuse among teenage girls: an illusory problem? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88:156-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1978191/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17127018?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,大多数AAS购自黑市(85.2%),其余约7.4%~21%则是通过医生提供的。[18]US Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control. Anabolic steroids: hidden dangers. March 2004. http://taadas.org/ (last accessed 27 August 2017).https://taadas.s3.amazonaws.com/files/74ec7432bc59485e610595913f4490f5-Steroidshiddendangers.pdf[19]Buckley WE, Yesalis CE 3rd, Friedl KE, et al. Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors. JAMA. 1988;260:3441-3445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3210283?tool=bestpractice.com据美国缉毒局报道,非法使用者可通过多种渠道获得药物,其中最主要的是从墨西哥和欧洲国家非法走私,因为这些国家无需处方购买这些药物。少部分是通过正当渠道转移的(如兽医和内科医生)或地下实验室生产的。欧洲的绝大部分AAS是来自欧盟或俄罗斯。[20]Kicman AT. Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:502-521.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/bjp.2008.165/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18500378?tool=bestpractice.com